Recombinant monovalent antibodies and methods for production thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides monovalent antibodies with a long half-life when administered in vivo, methods of making such monovalent antibodies, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such antibodies, and uses of the monovalent antibodies.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/095,023, filed May 27, 2008 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,155,816), which isa 35 U.S.C. 371 national stage filing of International Application No.PCT/DK2006/000669, filed Nov. 28, 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Nos. 60/852,611, filed Oct. 18, 2006;60/852,479, filed Oct. 17, 2006; and 60/740,403, filed Nov. 28, 2005.The contents of the aforementioned applications are hereby incorporatedby reference.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has beensubmitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Nov. 7, 2018, isnamed GMI_092USDV_Sequence_Listing.txt, and is 36,672 bytes in size.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to monovalent antibodies that may be usedin therapeutic applications. The invention also relates to methods forproducing the monovalent antibody, pharmaceutical compositionscomprising such monovalent antibodies and use thereof for differenttherapeutic applications.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Native antibodies and immunoglobulins are usually heterotetramericglycoproteins of about 150,000 daltons, composed of two identical light(L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains. Each light chain islinked to a heavy chain by one covalent disulfide bond, while the numberof disulfide linkages varies between the heavy chains of differentimmunoglobulin isotypes. Each light chain is comprised of a light chainvariable region (abbreviated herein as V_(L)) and a light chain constantregion (abbreviated herein as C_(L)). Each heavy chain is comprised of aheavy chain variable region (V_(H)) and a heavy chain constant region(C_(H)) consisting of three domain, C_(H)1, C_(H)2 and C_(H)3). C_(H)1and C_(H)2 of the heavy chain are separated from each other by thesocalled hinge region. The hinge region normally comprises one or morecysteine residues, which may form disulphide bridges with the cysteineresidues of the hinge region of the other heavy chain in the antibodymolecule.

Recently, antibodies have become a major focus area for therapeuticapplications, and many antibody drug products have been approved or arein the process of being approved for use as therapeutic drugs. Thedesired characteristics of therapeutic antibodies may vary according tothe specific condition which is to be treated. For some indications,only antigen binding is required, for instance where the therapeuticeffect of the antibody is to block interaction between the antigen andone or more specific molecules otherwise capable of binding to theantigen. For such indications, the use of Fab fragments, the onlyfunction of which is to bind antigen, may be preferred. For otherindications, further effects may also be required, such as for instancethe ability to induce complement activation and/or the ability to forinstance bind Fc receptors, protect from catabolism, recruit immunecells, etc. For such use, other parts of the antibody molecule, such asthe Fc region, may be required. Some full-length antibodies may exhibitagonistic effects (which may be considered to be undesirable) uponbinding to the target antigen, even though the antibody works as anantagonist when used as a Fab fragment. In some instances, this effectmay be attributed to “cross-linking” of the bivalent antibodies, whichin turn promotes target dimerization, which may lead to activation,especially when the target is a receptor. In the case of solubleantigens, dimerization may form undesirable immune complexes.

In some cases, monovalent binding to an antigen, such as in the case ofFcαRI may induce apoptotic signals (Kanamura et al, Blood published online Sep. 25, 2006))

For some indication, monovalent antibodies may thus be preferable. Thepresently available Fab fragments show inferior pharmacokinetics due totheir small size resulting to filtration in the kidneys as well as theirinability to interact with the Brambell receptor FcRn (Junghans RP etal., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93(11), 5512-6 (1996)), therefore beingunstable in vivo and having very rapid clearance after administration.

Dimeric, monovalent antibodies (Fab/c), wherein the Fc region comprisestwo Fc polypeptides, have also been described (WO200563816 to Genentechand Parham P, J Immunol. 131(6), 2895-902 (1983).

There is thus a need for stable monovalent antibodies for use astherapeutics.

Deletion of one or more of the domains of full-length antibodies,covering for instance regions comprising amino acid residues necessaryfor forming di-sulphide bridges or providing non-covalent inter-heavychain contacts in the antibody may be a way of constructing monovalentantibodies.

Igarashi et al. (Igarashi, T M. et al., Biochemistry 29, 5727 (1990))have described the structure of a mouse IgG2a molecule in which theentire C_(H)1 domain was deleted, but the hinge region was intact. TheC_(H)1 deleted antibody is shown to exist as an elongated structure witha relatively small hinge angle. The molecule however retained theregular tetrameric configuration consisting of two light chains and twoheavy chains expected for IgGs, and was thus still bivalent, and theC_(H)1 deletion did not affect the affinity of the mutated antibody.

Larson et al. (Larson, S B. et al., J Mol Biol 348, 1177 (2005)) havedescribed the structure of a humanized IgG1 antibody in which the C_(H)2domain has been deleted. Such antibody exists in two molecular forms,termed form A and form B. Form A contains two inter-chain disulphidebonds in the hinge, whereas form B does not contain inter-chaindisulphide bonds. Form B exists as ˜122 kDa molecule which seems to beheld together by non-covalent interactions within the C_(H)3 domain. Theantibody displays rapid serum clearance because of an inability to bindand recycle through FcRn receptors.

Ig half-molecules, which have a dimeric configuration consisting of onlyone light chain and only one heavy chain, have been described as theresult of rare deletions in human and murine plasmacytomas. Severalpatients suffering from extramedullary soft-tissue plasmacytoma,Waldenström macroglobulinemia, plasma cell leukemia and multiplemyeloma, excreted IgG half molecules into their urine. Half-moleculeswere also found to be present in their serum. Studies on the biochemicalnature of these half-molecules showed that they consist of IgG1molecules in which the heavy chain C_(H)1, hinge and C_(H)2 regionsappeared normal, whereas deletions were found in the C_(H)3 region. Thedeletion on the C_(H)3 constant domain in the IgG1 half-moleculeanalyzed by Spiegelberg was shown to encompass 5,000-8,000 dalton andthe hinge peptide sequence was identical to wild type IgG1. Themutations appeared to be located in C_(H)3 and the hinge peptideappeared normal (Hobbs, J R et al., Clin Exp Immunol 5, 199 (1969);Hobbs, J R, Br Med J 2, 67 (1971); Spiegelberg, H L et al., Blood 45,305 (1975); Spiegelberg, H L et al., Biochemistry 14, 2157 (1975);Seligmann M E et al., Ann Immunol (Paris) 129C, 855-870 (1978);Gallango, M L et al., Blut 48, 91 (1983)). It was also showed that thishuman IgG1 half-molecule is rapidly catabolized (half-life in man was4.3 days) and, in monomeric form, is unable to bind C1q or Fc receptorson human lymphocytes, monocytes or neutrophils (Spiegelberg, H L. J ClinInvest 56, 588 (1975)). It was concluded from these studies that theIgG1 half-molecule lacks non-covalent interactions characteristic forthe Fc portion of the IgG heavy chain which destabilizes the molecule,and that the C_(H)3 domain may be particularly important in maintainingthe interactions between IgG heavy chains.

Murine IgA half-molecules which were generated by somatic mutation havealso been described (Mushinski, J F, J Immunol 106, 41 (1971);Mushinski, J F et al., J Immunol 117, 1668 (1976); Potter, Metal., J MolBiol 93, 537 (1964); Robinson, E A et al., J Biol Chem 249, 6605 (1974);Zack, D J et al., J Exp Med 154, 1554 (1981)). These molecules wereshown to all contain deletions of the C_(H)3 domain or mutations at theC_(H)2-C_(H)3 boundary. Human IgA half-molecules have also been detectedin patients with multiple myeloma. These molecules were found to havedeletions located to the C_(H)3 regions as well (Spiegelberg, H L etal., J Clin Invest 58, 1259 (1976); Kawai, T.et al., Ann Acad MedSingapore 9, 50 (1980); Sakurabayashi, I. et al., Blood 53, 269 (1979);Biewenga, J. et al., Clin Exp Immunol 51, 395 (1983)).

Human IgG1 mutants with hinge deletions have been described andcrystallized (Saphire, E O. et al., J Mol Biol 319, 95 (2002)). Dob andMcg are human myeloma proteins of the human IgG1 subclass which containa deletion of the hinge region.These hinge deleted IgG1 molecules formstable Igs with a structure consisting of two heavy and two lightchains, which is the typical heterotetrameric structure of antibodies,that however form inter-chain disulphide bonds between the light chainsresulting in molecules that are strongly conformationally restricted andwhich display little to no effector function (Burton D R et al., J MolBiol 319, 9 (2002); Steiner, A et al., Biochemistry 18, 4068 (1979);Silverton, E W et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74, 5140 (1977); Rajan, SS et al., Mol Immunol 20 787 (1983); Guddat, W et al. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA 90, 4271 (1993); Sarma, R.et al., J. Applied Cryst. 15, 476 (1982);Klein, M., et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78, 524 (1981)).

An IgG3 molecule in which the upper and middle hinge regions or the fullhinge region was deleted, has been designed (Brekke, O H et al., Nature363, 628 (1993); Brekke, O H et al., Nature 383, 103 (1996)). Themolecule with the complete hinge deleted showed the presence ofhalf-molecules upon analysis on non-reducing SDS-PAGE. A second hingedeleted molecule in which the complete upper and lower IgG3 hinge werereplaced by a single cysteine and the lower IgG3 hinge contained asingle Ala deletion, also contained half-molecules when analyzed onSDS-PAGE. However, the results show that under physiological conditions,the two heavy-light chain half-molecules are held together bynon-covalent interactions between the IgG3 C_(H)3 domains; and intactIgG molecules were therefore formed.

A matched set of chimeric IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies has also beenprepared (Horgan, C. et al. J Immunol 150, 5400 (1993)). To investigatethe role of the IgG hinge region in antibody binding to antigen, mutantswere prepared of both IgG1 and IgG4 which lacked the hinge region. Themutants were generated at the DNA level by deleting the hinge regionexon from the IgG1 and IgG4 heavy chain genes. It was reported that boththe IgG1 and IgG4 hinge-deleted molecules were bivalent, thereforehaving the typical heterotetrameric structure. In support of this, thefunctional affinity of the hinge-deleted IgG4 showed better binding toantigen than the wild-type IgG4, indicating that the avidity of thehinge-deleted molecule is not affected by the hinge deletion thusgenerated.

Human IgG4 molecules exist in various molecular forms which differ bythe absence or presence of inter-heavy chain disulphide bonds located inthe hinge region. Thus IgG4 molecules exist in which two, one or nointer-heavy chain disulphide bonds have been formed (Schuurman, J. etal., Mol Immunol 38, 1 (2001)). Under physiological conditions, thesemolecular forms of IgG4 may be in equilibrium with each other. HumanIgG4s exist as tetramers in solution consisting of two Ig heavy and twolight chains, as common for immunoglobulin G molecules, irrespective ofthe absence or presence of these interchain disulphide bonds (Schuurman2001 supra; Gregory, L. et al. Mol Immunol 24, 821 (1987)). Only upondenaturation under non-reducing conditions, the two non-covalentlyassociated half-molecules dissociate as demonstrated bysize-determination analysis such as SDS-PAGE (Schuurman, J. et al. MolImmunol 38, 1 (2001); Deng, L. et al. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 40, 261(2004)). It has been shown that mutation of the residues of the hingeregion which are involved in inter-chain disulphide bond formation ordeletion of the hinge region lead to creation of a homogeneous pool ofIgG4 molecules in solution, which pool consists of tetrameric moleculesconsisting of two light chains and two heavy chains (Schuurman, J. etal. Mol Immunol 38, 1 (2001); Horgan, C. et al. J Immunol 150, 5400(1993)). The IgG4 hinge-deleted and mutated antibodies also demonstratedan improved capability of antigen crosslinking when compared to nativeIgG4 molecules (Horgan, C. (1993) supra).

A number of studies have now shown that mutation or deletion of the IgGconstant region domains C_(H)1 and C_(H)2 do not affect the assembly ofIgG molecules into their natural two heavy and two light chainheterotetrameric configuration. Recombinant antibody moleculescontaining different deletions in their constant regions of the heavychain have been shown to be affected in their effector function, e. g.they are not capable of complement activating, however, they remaintheir ability of antigen crosslinking. Further, it has been demonstratedthat antibody half-molecules containing one heavy chain and one lightchain are not stable in vivo and/or have a decreased half-life in vivo.Deletions in/of the C_(H)3 region provides half-molecules having a rapidmetabolization making them unfit for most therapeutic purposes.

There is thus a need for a simple procedure for the production of astable monovalent antibody, which would be suitable for therapeuticapplications, wherein blocking of an antigen-mediated activity requiresmonovalent antibody binding (absence of cross-linking).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method for producing a monovalentantibody, said method comprising

-   A)    -   i) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the light chain        of said monovalent antibody, said construct comprising a        nucleotide sequence encoding the V_(L) region of a selected        antigen specific antibody and a nucleotide sequence encoding the        constant C_(L) region of an Ig, wherein said nucleotide sequence        encoding the V_(L) region of a selected antigen specific        antibody and said nucleotide sequence encoding the C_(L) region        of an Ig are operably linked together, and wherein, in case of        an IgG1 subtype, the nucleotide sequence encoding the C_(L)        region has been modified such that the C_(L) region does not        contain any amino acids capable of forming disulfide bonds or        covalent bonds with other peptides comprising an identical amino        acid sequence of the C_(L) region in the presence of polyclonal        human IgG or when administered to an animal or human being;    -   ii) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the heavy chain        of said monovalent antibody, said construct comprising a        nucleotide sequence encoding the V_(H) region of a selected        antigen specific antibody and a nucleotide sequence encoding a        constant C_(H) region of a human Ig, wherein the nucleotide        sequence encoding the C_(H) region has been modified such that        the region corresponding to the hinge region and, as required by        the Ig subtype, other regions of the C_(H) region, such as the        C_(H)3 region, does not comprise any amino acid residues which        participate in the formation of disulphide bonds or covalent or        stable non-covalent inter-heavy chain bonds with other peptides        comprising an identical amino acid sequence of the C_(H) region        of the human Ig in the presence of polyclonal human IgG or when        administered to an animal human being, wherein said nucleotide        sequence encoding the V_(H) region of a selected antigen        specific antibody and said nucleotide sequence encoding the        C_(H) region of said Ig are operably linked together;    -   iii) providing a cell expression system for producing said        monovalent antibody;

iv) producing said monovalent antibody by co-expressing the nucleic acidconstructs of (i) and (ii) in cells of the cell expression system of(iii).

In one embodiment of the method, the human Ig is an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3,IgG4, IgA or IgD antibody, such as an IgG1, IgG2 or IgG4 antibody.

B) Further, method is provided, wherein the human Ig is an IgG1 havingthe amino acid C_(H) region as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, wherein theC_(H)3 region has been modified so that one or more of the followingamino acid substitutions have been made: Arg (R) in position 238 hasbeen replaced by Gln (Q); Asp (D) in position 239 has been replaced byGlu (E); Lys (K) in position 292 has been replaced by Arg (R); Gln (Q)in position 302 has been replaced by Glu (E); and Pro (P) in position328 has been replaced by Leu (L).

A method according to B), wherein Arg (R) in position 238 has beenreplaced by Gln (Q).

A method according to B), wherein Arg (R) in position 238 has beenreplaced by Gln (Q), and Pro (P) in position 328 has been replaced byLeu (L).

A method according to B), wherein all five substitutions have been made.

C) A method according to A) or B, wherein the human Ig is an IgG1, andthe C_(L) region is a kappa light chain C_(L) having the amino acidsequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18, wherein the C_(L) region hasbeen modified so that the terminal cysteine residue in position 106 hasbeen replaced with another amino acid residue or has been deleted.

D) A method according to A) or B), wherein the human Ig is an IgG1, andthe C_(L) region is a lambda light chain C_(L) having the amino acidsequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein the C_(L) region hasbeen modified so that the cysteine residue in position 104 has beenreplaced with another amino acid residue or has been deleted.

F) A method according to A) or B), C) or D), wherein the human Ig is anIgG1 having the amino acid C_(H) region as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19,wherein the C_(H)1 region has been modified so that Ser (S) in position14 has been replaced by a cysteine residue.

G) A method according to A), wherein the human Ig is an IgG2 having theamino acid C_(H) region as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 20, wherein theC_(H)3 region has been modified so that one or more of the of thefollowing amino acid substitutions have been made: Arg (R) in position234 has been replaced by Gln (Q); Met (M) in position 276 has beenreplaced by Val (V); Lys (K) in position 288 has been replaced by Arg(R); Gln (Q) in position 298 has been replaced by Glu (E); and Pro (P)in position 324 has been replaced by Leu (L).

A method according to G), wherein Arg (R) in position 234 has beenreplaced by Gln (Q).

A method according to G), wherein Arg (R) in position 234 has beenreplaced by Gln (Q); and Pro (P) in position 324 has been replaced byLeu (L).

A method according to G), wherein all five substitutions have been made.

H) A method according to A), wherein the human Ig is an IgG3 having theamino acid C_(H) region as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21, wherein theC_(H)3 region has been modified so that one or more of the of thefollowing amino acid substitutions have been made: Arg (R) in position285 has been replaced by Gin (Q); Ser (S) in position 314 has beenreplaced by Asn (N); Asn (N) in position 322 has been replaced by Lys(K); Met (M) in position 327 has been replaced by Val (V); Lys (K) inposition 339 has been replaced by Arg (R); Gin (Q) in position 349 hasbeen replaced by Glu (E); Ile (I) in position 352 has been replaced byVal (V); Arg (R) in position 365 has been replaced by His (H); Phe (F)in position 366 has been replaced by Tyr (Y); and Pro (P) in position375 has been replaced by Leu (L).

A method according to H), wherein Arg (R) in position 285 has beenreplaced by Gln (Q).

A method according to H), wherein Arg (R) in position 285 has beenreplaced by Gln (Q); and Pro (P) in position 375 has been replaced byLeu (L).

A method according to H), wherein all 10 substitutions have been made.

The present invention also provides a method for producing a monovalentantibody, said method comprising

-   -   i) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the light chain        of said monovalent antibody, said construct comprising a        nucleotide sequence encoding the V_(L) region of a selected        antigen specific antibody and nucleic sequence encoding the        constant (C_(L)) region of an Ig, wherein said nucleotide        sequence encoding the V_(L) region of a selected antigen        specific antibody and said nucleic sequence encoding the C_(L)        region of an Ig are operably linked together;    -   ii) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the heavy chain        of said monovalent antibody, said construct comprising a        nucleotide sequence encoding the V_(H) region of a selected        antigen specific antibody and nucleic acid encoding a C_(H)        region of a human IgG4 wherein the nucleic acid sequence        encoding the heavy chain has been modified such that the region        corresponding to the hinge region of the heavy chain does not        comprise any amino acid residues capable of participating in the        formation of disulphide bonds with other peptides comprising an        identical amino acid sequence of the constant (C_(H)) region of        human IgG4, wherein said nucleic acid encoding the V_(H) region        of a selected antigen specific antibody and said nucleic acid        encoding the C_(H) region of IgG4 are operably linked together;    -   iii) providing a cell expression system for the producing said        antibody;    -   iv) producing said monovalent antibody by co-expressing the        nucleic acid constructs of (i) and (ii) in cells of the cell        expression system of (iii).

The present invention also provides a monovalent antibody obtained byuse of a method according to the invention.

The present invention also provides a monovalent antibody obtainable byuse of a method according to the invention.

The present invention also provides a monovalent antibody comprising alight chain and a heavy chain, wherein

-   -   a) said light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of the        variable (V_(L)) region of a selected antigen specific antibody        and the amino acid sequence of the constant (C_(L)) region of an        Ig, and    -   b) said heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of the        variable (V_(H)) region of said selected antigen specific        antibody and the amino acid sequence of the constant (C_(H))        region of human IgG4, wherein the amino acid sequence of the        heavy chain has been modified such that none of any amino acid        residues present in the region corresponding to the hinge region        are capable of participating in the formation of disulphide        bonds with other peptides comprising an identical amino acid        sequence of the constant (C_(H)) region of human IgG4.

The present invention also provides a method of preparing a monovalentantibody according to the invention, the method comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) culturing a host cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding said        monovalent antibody; and    -   b) recovering the monovalent antibody from the host cell        culture.

The present invention also provides a nucleic acid construct comprisinga nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) region of an IgG4, whereinthe nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) region has been modifiedsuch that the region corresponding to the hinge region in said C_(H)region does not comprise any amino acid residues capable ofparticipating in the formation of disulphide bonds with peptidescomprising an amino acid sequence identical to the amino acid sequenceof said C_(H) region, or a sequence complementary thereof.

The present invention also provides a method of preparing a monovalentantibody according to the invention comprising culturing a host cellcomprising a nucleic acid construct according to the invention, and, ifsaid nucleic acid construct does not encode the light chain of saidantibody, also comprising a nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleicacid sequence encoding the light chain of said antibody, so thatpolypeptides are expressed, and recovering the monovalent antibody fromthe cell culture.

The present invention also provides the use of a nucleic acid constructaccording to the invention for the production of a monovalent antibodyaccording to the invention.

The present invention also provides a host cell comprising a nucleicacid according to the invention.

The present invention also provides a method of preparing a monovalentantibody according to the invention comprising culturing a host cellaccording to the invention, which host cell comprises a nucleic acidsequence encoding the light chain of said antibody, so that polypeptidesare expressed, and recovering the monovalent antibody from the cellculture.

The present invention also provides the use of a host cell according tothe invention for the production of a monovalent antibody according tothe invention.

The present invention also provides an immunoconjugate comprising amonovalent antibody according to the invention conjugated to atherapeutic moiety.

The present invention also provides a monovalent antibody according tothe invention for use as a medicament.

The present invention also provides the use of a monovalent antibodyaccording to the invention as a medicament.

The present invention also provides the use of an antibody according tothe invention for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition forthe treatment of cancer, a cell proliferative disorder, an (auto)immunedisorder, an inflammation disorder, an allergic disorder (asthma) and/oran angiogenesis disorder, wherein the antibody specifically binds agiven target or target epitope, where the binding of an antibody to saidtarget or target epitope is effective in treating said disease.

The present invention also provides the use of an antibody according tothe invention for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition forthe treatment of a disease or disorder, which disease or disorder istreatable by administration of an antibody against a certain target,wherein the involvement of immune system-mediated activities is notnecessary or is undesirable for achieving the effects of theadministration of the antibody, and wherein said antibody specificallybinds said antigen.

The present invention also provides the use of an antibody according tothe invention for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition forthe treatment of a disease or disorder, which disease or disorder istreatable by blocking or inhibiting a soluble antigen, whereinmultimerization of said antigen may form undesirable immune complexes,and wherein said antibody specifically binds said antigen.

The present invention also provides the use of an antibody according tothe invention for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition forthe treatment of a disease or disorder, which disease or disorder istreatable by blocking or inhibiting a cell membrane bound receptor,wherein said receptor may be activated by dimerization of said receptor,and wherein said antibody specifically binds said receptor.

The present invention also provides a method for inhibiting an antigenin a subject suffering from a disease or disorder in which activity ofthe antigen is undesirable, comprising administering to a subject amonovalent antibody according to the invention, which antibodyspecifically binds said antigen, a pharmaceutical composition comprisingsaid antibody, immunoconjugate comprising said antibody, or a nucleicacid construct according to the invention, such that the antigenactivity in the subject is inhibited.

The present invention also provides a method of treating a disease ordisorder, wherein said method comprises administering to a subject inneed of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a monovalentantibody according to the invention, a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising said antibody, immunoconjugate comprising said antibody, or anucleic acid construct according to the invention, whereby the diseaseor disorder is treated.

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a monovalent antibody according to the invention, togetherwith one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, diluents orcarriers.

The present invention also provides a transgene animal comprising anucleic acid construct according to the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1: The CD20-specific antibodies 7D8-IgG1, 7D8-IgG4 and 7D8-HG wereevaluated on non-reducing SDS-PAGE.

Lane 1: Marker SeuBlue plus2 prestained (Invitrogen BV, TheNetherlands), Lane 2: internal control, Lane 3: 7D8-IgG1, Lane 4:7D8-IgG4, and Lane 5: 7D8-HG.

FIG. 2: Extracted ion chromatogram for [M+3H]3+ and [M+2H]2+ ions (m/z676.4 and 1014.1 respectively) eluting at 39.3mins TIC time in thereduced CNBr/tryptic digest of 7D8-HG.

FIG. 3: The raw data obtained from nanospray-MS/MS analysis of the m/zsignals consistent with a peptide covering amino acid residues 220 to238 (²²⁰VAPEFLGGPSVFLFPPKPK²³⁸) from a reduced CNBr/tryptic digest of7D8-HG.

FIGS. 4A and 4B: Interpretation of the raw data obtained fromnanospray-MS/MS analysis of the m/z signals consistent with a peptidecovering amino acid residues 220 to 238 (²²⁰VAPEFLGGPSVFLFPPKPK²³⁸) froma reduced CNBr/tryptic digest of 7D8-HG.

FIG. 5: The CD20-specific antibodies 7D8-IgG1, 7D8-IgG4 and 7D8-HG wereevaluated on their binding to CD20 transfected cells.

FIG. 6: The CD20-specific antibodies 7D8-IgG1, 7D8-IgG4 and 7D8-HG werecoated on an ELISA plate (concentration range as indicated on x-axis).C1q binding (2 μg/ml) was evaluated.

FIGS. 7A and 7B: FIG. 7A) Daudi cells were pre-incubated with aconcentration range of the CD20-specific antibodies for 10 minutes,before NHS was added. Forty-five minutes after induction of CDC, cellswere resuspended in PI solution. Cell lysis (number of PI-positivecells) was measured by flow cytometry. Data show the Mean Fluorecenceintensity of the PI-positive (dead) cells.

FIG. 7B) To evaluate the role of complement in the lysis measured,heat-inactivated serum (serum ΔT) was added to cells incubated with 10pg antistof. Data show the mean fluorescence intensity of thePI-positive (dead) cells.

FIG. 8: The hingeless IgG4 antibody directed against Bet v 1 (Betv1-HG)was tested on non-reducing SDS-PAGE.

Lane 1: Marker SeaBlue plus2 prestained (Invitrogen BV, TheNetherlands), lane 2: internal control, lane 3: BetV1-HG, lane 4: IgG1control.

FIG. 9: Gelfiltration of Betv1-HG (hingeless IgG4 anti-Bet v 1).Conditioned medium from HEK cells containing hingeless rIgG4 Betv1-HGwas fractionated on a Superdex200 column. A total 1μg of Betv1-HG wasapplied to the column. In the fractions, Bet v 1 specific IgG (●) wasmeasured by incubating 10 μl of each fraction in the Bet v 1 bindingtest. The results are expressed as percentage of radiolabeled Bet v 1binding relative to the amount added. The dashed curve represents theelution of purified Betv1-IgG4 (10 μg), which was followed on the HPLCby measuring the absorption at 214 nm (A214 nm).

FIG. 10: The binding of Betv1-IgG1, Betv1-IgG4 and Betv1-HG was examinedin an radio immuno assay. The binding of¹²⁵1-labelled Bet v1 to serialdilutions of the antibodies bound to Protein G Sepharose was examined.

FIG. 11: The ability of Betv1-IgG1, Betv1-IgG4 and Betv1-HG to crosslinkSepharose bound Bet v 1 to radiolabelled Bet v 1 was examined in anradio immuno assay. The binding of¹²⁵I-labelled Bet v1 to serialdilutions of the antibodies bound to Bet v 1 Sepharose was examined.

FIG. 12: Semilogarithmic plot of the mouse plasma concentrations of7D8-HG in comparison with normal 7D8-IgG4, intact 7D8-IgG1, 7D8-IgG1,F(ab′)2 and 7D8-IgG1 Fab fragments after intravenous administration of100 ug per mouse.

FIG. 13: Logarithmic plot of the plasma clearance rates as dose/areaunder the curve calculated from the concentration-time curves (D/AUC).The data represent individual mice and are expressed in ml.day⁻¹.kg⁻¹.

FIG. 14: Dose-response curves showing the inhibition of EGF-induced EGFrphosphorylation in A431 cells by anti-EGFr mAb 2F8-HG, compared with2F8-IgG4 and 2F8-Fab fragments. The upper panel shows the inhibitioncurves in serum-deprived medium, the middle and lower panels theinhibition when IVIG was added to the medium at a concentration of 100μg/ml and 1000 μg/ml, respectively. The y-axis represents PhosphorylatedEGFr as detected with an anti-phospho-tyrosine mAb and is expressed intime-resolved fluorescence units (TRF units). On the x-axis, the mAbconcentration in μg/ml. Data points are mean and SEM of 4 replicates.

FIG. 15: A semilogarithmic plot of the concentrations in time. Theinitial plasma concentrations were all in the order of 100 μg/ml, whichis consistent with an initial distribution into the plasma compartmentof the mice. The clearance of the hingeless IgG4 variant was onlyslightly faster than that of normal IgG4. Importantly, the clearance ofthe hingeless variant was much slower than that of F(ab′)₂ fragments,which have a comparable molecular size.

This experiment indicates that the Fc-part has a favorable effect on theplasma residence time in mice having a normal immune system and providesan indication of a functional interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor(FcRn) also in the presence of endogenous IgG.

FIG. 16: The binding of 2F8-HG to a coat of EGFr protein was compared inan ELISA to that of 2F8-IgG4, 2F8-IgG1 and Fab fragments of 2F8-IgG1, inthe presence of polyclonal human IgG (IVIG) at a concentration of 100μg/ml.

FIG. 17: The induction of ADCC by 2F8-HG was compared to that by2F8-IgG1 and 2F8-IgG4. A431 cells were used as target cells and humanperipheral blood mononuclear cells as effector cells

FIG. 18: Sequence of primers used in the Examples.

FIG. 19: Sequences of primers used in the Examples.

FIG. 20: Clearance of 7D8 variants in IVIG supplemented SCID mice. Thefigure shows in the upper panel semi-logarithmic plots of theconcentrations of the mAb 7D8 variants in time and in the lower panelthe total human IgG concentrations.

FIG. 21: Clearance with 7D8 variants in FcRn −/− mice vs wild type mice.The figure shows a semi-logarithmic plot of the concentrations in time.The initial plasma concentrations were all in the order of 100 μg/ml,which is consistent with an initial distribution in the plasmacompartment of the mice. The hingeless IgG4 variant (7D8-HG), normalhuman IgG4 (7D8-IgG4) and F(ab′)₂ fragments from 7D8 IgG1(7D8-G1-F(ab′)₂) were compared in the model.

FIGS. 22A and 22B: DU-145 cells were cultured and incubated with aserial dilution of (FIG. 22A) cMet-Fab, cMet-Fab and IVIG, cMet-Fab andHGF, cMet-Fab and IVIG and HGF (FIG. 22B) cMet-HG, cMet-HG and IVIG,cMet-HG and HGF, cMet-HG and IVIG and HGF. Scattering was observeddouble-blinded (scored by 14 people) by microscope after 48 h and theaveraged score±SEM is plotted.

FIG. 23: DU-145 cells were cultured and incubated with 10 μg/ml of (A)cMet-Fab, cMet -Fab and IVIG, cMet -Fab and HGF, cMet -Fab and IVIG andHGF (B) cMet-HG, cMet-HG and IVIG, cMet-HG and HGF, cMet-HG and IVIG andHGF. Scattering was observed double-blinded (scored by 14 people) bymicroscope after 48 h.

cMet -Fab with or without IVIG and cMet-HG pre-incubated with IVIGsignificantly inhibited the HGF induced scattering. For statisticalanalysis a two-tailed Wilcoxon signed ranked test was done with ahypothetical median value of 3 (maximal scattering).

FIG. 24: Extracts prepared from A549 cells incubated with cMet-HG (lane1), cMet-HG and IVIG (lane 2), cMet-HG and HGF (lane 3), cMet-HG , IVIGand HGF (lane 4), cMet-IgG1 (lane 5), cMet-IgG1 and IVIG (lane 6) wereresolved by SDS-PAGE on a 4-20% Tris-HCl Criterion Precast gel andWestern blotting on a nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane wasincubated over night at 4° C. with anti-phospho-Met(pYpYpY 1230 12341235)-rabbit IgG, (Abcam, ab5662). After washing with TBST, thesecondary antibodies, goat-anti-rabbit-HRP, Cell Signalling, 7074 inblocking reagent were incubated for 60 min. at room temperature on aroller bank. The membrane was washed 6 times with TBST. Finally thebands were developed with Luminol Echancer stop solution and analyzed ona Lumiimager. The Western blot shows a 169 Kd band indicatingphospho-Met(pYpYpY 1230 1234 1235).

FIG. 25: Starting concentration of addition of HuMax-CD4 or Fabfragments of HuMax-CD4 to the in vitro HIV-1 neutralization assay. TheIC50 values of inhibition by HuMax-CD4 and Fab fragments of HuMax-CD4are calculated by a 4 parameter logistic curve fit and indicated foreach of the virus constructs.

FIG. 26: The % human T cells, % murine cells, and % CD4 and % CD8 cells,and the ratio CD4/CD8 of the individual PBMC reconstituted mice treatedintraperitoneally with HuMax-CD4, IgG control or non treated, andinfected with HIV-1.

FIG. 27: The inhibition curves of HuMax-CD4 and the Fab fragments ofHuMax-CD4 of the infection of several strains of HIV-1 of CD4-CCRS orCD4-CXCR4 positive cells measured by luciferase activity (mean oftriplicate measurements).

FIG. 28: The plasma HuMax-CD4 concentrations in time of the individualPBMC reconstituted mice treated intraperitoneally with HuMax-CD4, or nontreated, and infected with HIV-1.

FIG. 29: The measured HIV-1 RNA copies in time of the individual PBMCreconstituted mice treated intraperitoneally with HuMax-CD4, of IgGcontrol or non treated, and infected with HIV-1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTINGS

-   SEQ ID No: 1: The nucleic acid sequence of C_(L) kappa of human Ig-   SEQ ID No: 2: The amino acid sequence of the kappa light chain of    human Ig-   SEQ ID No: 3: The nucleic acid sequence of C_(L) lambda of human Ig-   SEQ ID No: 4: The amino acid sequence of the lambda light chain of    human Ig-   SEQ ID No: 5: The nucleic acid sequence of the V_(H) region of    HuMab-7D8-   SEQ ID No: 6: The amino acid sequence of the V_(H) region of    HuMab-7D8-   SEQ ID No: 7: The nucleic acid sequence of the V_(H) region of mouse    anti-Betv-1-   SEQ ID No: 8: The amino acid sequence for the V_(H) region of mouse    anti-Betv-1-   SEQ ID No: 9: The nucleic acid sequence of the V_(L) region of    HuMab-7D8-   SEQ ID No: 10: The amino acid sequence of the V_(L) region of    HuMab-7D8-   SEQ ID No: 11: The nucleic acid sequence of the V_(L) region of    mouse anti-Betv1-   SEQ ID No: 12: The amino acid sequence of the V_(L) region of mouse    anti-Betv1-   SEQ ID No: 13: The nucleic acid sequence of the wildtype C_(H)    region of human IgG4-   SEQ ID No: 14: The amino acid sequence of the wildtype C_(H) region    of human IgG4-   SEQ ID No: 15: The nucleic acid sequence of the C_(H) region of    human IgG4 (SEQ ID No: 13) mutated in positions 714 and 722-   SEQ ID No: 16: The amino acid sequence of the C_(H) region of a    human IgG4 generated by expression of the nucleic acid sequence of    SEQ ID No: 15-   SEQ ID NO: 17: The amino acid sequence of the lambda chain constant    human (accession number S25751)-   SEQ ID NO: 18: The amino acid sequence of the kappa chain constant    human (accession number P01834)-   SEQ ID NO: 19: The amino acid sequence of IgG1 constant region    (accession number P01857)-   SEQ ID NO: 20: The amino acid sequence of the IgG2 constant region    (accession number P01859)-   SEQ ID NO: 21: The amino acid sequence of the IgG3 constant region    (accession number A23511)

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In order that the present invention may be more readily understood,certain terms are first defined. Additional definitions are set forththroughout the detailed description.

The term “antibody” as referred to herein includes whole antibodymolecules, antigen binding fragments, monovalent antibodies, and singlechains thereof. Antibody molecules belong to a family of plasma proteinscalled immunoglobulins, whose basic building block, the immunoglobulinfold or domain, is used in various forms in many molecules of the immunesystem and other biological recognition systems. Native antibodies andimmunoglobulins are usually heterotetrameric glycoproteins of about150,000 daltons, composed of two identical light (L) chains and twoidentical heavy (H) chains. Each light chain is linked to a heavy chainby one covalent disulfide bond, while the number of disulfide linkagesvaries between the heavy chains of different immunoglobulin isotypes.Each heavy and light chain may also have regularly spaced intrachaindisulfide bridges. Each light chain is comprised of a light chainvariable region (abbreviated herein as V_(L)) and a light chain constantregion (abbreviated herein as C_(L)). Each heavy chain is comprised of aheavy chain variable region (V_(H)) and a heavy chain constant region(C_(H)) consisting of three domaina, C_(H)1, C_(H)2 and C_(H)3, and thehinge region). The constant domain of the light chain is aligned withthe first constant domain (C_(H)1) of the heavy chain, and the lightchain variable domain is aligned with the variable domain of the heavychain forming what is known as the “Fab fragment”. C_(H)1 and C_(H)2 ofthe heavy chain are separated form each other by the socalled hingeregion, which allows the Fab “arms” of the antibody molecule to swing tosome degree. The hinge region normally comprises one or more cysteineresidues, which are capable of forming disulphide bridges with thecysteine residues of the hinge region of the other heavy chain in theantibody molecule.

The variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain a bindingdomain that interacts with an antigen. The constant regions of theantibodies may mediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissuesor factors, including various cells of the immune system (for instanceeffector cells) and the first component (C1q) of the classicalcomplement system

Depending on the amino acid sequences of the constant domain of theirheavy chains, immunoglobulins can be assigned to different classes.There are at least five (5) major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD,IgE, IgG and IgM, and several of these may be further divided intosubclasses (isotypes), for instance IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4; IgA1 andIgA2. The genes for the heavy chains constant domains that correspond tothe different classes of immunoglobulins are called alpha (α), delta(δ), epsilon (∈), gamma (γ) and mu (μ), respectively. Immunoglobulinsubclasses are encoded by different genes such as γ1, γ2, γ3 and γ4. Thegenes for the light chains of antibodies are assigned to one of twoclearly distinct types, called kappa (κ) and lambda (λ), based on theamino sequences of their constant domain. The subunit structures andthree-dimensional configurations of different classes of immunoglobulinsare well known. Distinct allotypes of immunoglobulins exist within thehuman population such as G1 m(a), G1 m(x), G1 m(f) and G1 m(z) for IgG1heavy chain and Km1, Km1,2 and Km3 for the kappa light chain. Theseallotypes differ at distinct amino acids in their region encoding thecontant regions.

The term antibody also encompasses “derivatives” of antibodies, whereinone or more of the amino acid residues have been derivatised, forinstance by acylation or glycosylation, without significantly affectingor altering the binding characteristics of the antibody containing theamino acid sequences.

In the context of the present invention, a derivative of a monovalentantibody may for instance be a monovalent antibody, in which one or moreof the amino acid residues of the monovalent antibody have beenchemically modified (for instance by alkylation, acylation, esterformation, or amide formation) or associated with one or more non-aminoacid organic and/or inorganic atomic or molecular substituents (forinstance a polyethylene glycol (PEG) group, a lipophilic substituent(which optionally may be linked to the amino acid sequence of thepeptide by a spacer residue or group such as β-alanine, γ-aminobutyricacid (GABA), L/D-glutamic acid, succinic acid, and the like), afluorophore, biotin, a radionuclide, etc.) and may also or alternativelycomprise non-essential, non-naturally occurring, and/or non-L amino acidresidues, unless otherwise stated or contradicted by context (however,it should again be recognized that such derivatives may, in and ofthemselves, be considered independent features of the present inventionand inclusion of such molecules within the meaning of peptide is donefor the sake of convenience in describing the present invention ratherthan to imply any sort of equivalence between naked peptides and suchderivatives). Non-limiting examples of such amino acid residues includefor instance 2-aminoadipic acid, 3-aminoadipic acid, β-alanine,β-aminopropionic acid, 2-aminobutyric acid, 4-aminobutyric acid,6-aminocaproic acid, 2-aminoheptanoic acid, 2-aminoisobutyric acid,3-aminoisobutyric acid, 2-aminopimelic acid, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid,desmosine, 2,2′-diaminopimelic acid, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid,N-ethylglycine, N-ethylasparagine, hydroxylysine, allohydroxylysine,3-hydroxyproline, 4-hydroxyproline, isodesmosine, alloisoleucine,N-methylglycine, N-methylisoleucine, 6-N-methyllysine, N-methylvaline,norvaline, norleucine, ornithine, and statine halogenated amino acids.

The in vivo half-life of the antibodies may for instance be improved bymodifying the salvage receptor epitope of the Ig constant domain or anIg-like constant domain such that the molecule does not comprise anintact C_(H)2 domain or an intact Ig Fc region, cf. U.S. Pat. No.6,121,022 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,551. The in vivo half-life may befurthermore increased by making mutations in the Fc region, for instanceby substituting threonine for leucine at the position corresponding topostion 252 of an intact antibody molecule, threonine for serine at theposition corresponding to postion 254 of an intact antibody molecule, orthreonine for phenylalanine at the position corresponding to postion 256of an intact antibody molecule, cf. U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,375.

Furthermore, antibodies, and particularly Fab or other fragments, may bepegylated to increase the half-life. This can be carried out bypegylation reactions known in the art, as described, for example, inFocus on Growth Factors 3, 4-10 (1992), EP 154 316 and EP 401 384.

Mutations may also be introduced randomly along all or part of anantibody coding sequence, such as by saturation mutagenesis, and theresulting modified antibodies can be screened for binding activityand/or other characteristics.

The term “antibody derivatives” refers to any modified form of theantibody, for instance a conjugate of the antibody and another agent orantibody.

The term “antigen-binding portion” or “antigen-binding domain” of anantibody, such as a monovalent antibody, as used herein, refers to oneor more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to specificallybind to an antigen. It has been shown that the antigen-binding functionof an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody.Examples of binding fragments encompassed within the term“antigen-binding portion” of an antibody include

-   -   (i) a Fab or Fab′ fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of        the V_(L), V_(H), C_(L) and C_(H)1 domains;    -   (ii) F(ab′)₂ fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab′        fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region;    -   (iii) a Fd fragment consisting essentially of the V_(H) and        C_(H)1 domains;    -   (iv) a Fv fragment consisting essentially of the V_(L) and V_(H)        domains of a single arm of an antibody,    -   (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., Nature 341, 544-546 (1989)),        which consists essentially of a V_(H) domain;    -   (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR), and    -   (vii) a combination of two or more isolated CDRs which may        optionally be joined by a synthetic linker.

Furthermore, although the two domains of the Fv fragment, V_(L) andV_(H), are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, usingrecombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be madeas a single protein chain in which the V_(L) and V_(H) regions pair toform monovalent molecules (known as single chain antibodies or singlechain Fv (scFv), see for instance Bird et al., Science 242, 423-426(1988) and Huston et al., PNAS USA 85, 5879-5883 (1988)). Such singlechain antibodies are encompassed within the term antibody unlessotherwise noted or clearly indicated by context.

A further example is antigen-binding-domain immunoglobulin fusionproteins comprising an antigen-binding domain polypeptide that is fusedto

-   -   (i) an immunoglobulin hinge region polypeptide,    -   (ii) an immunoglobulin heavy chain C_(H)2 constant region fused        to the hinge region, and    -   (iii) an immunoglobulin heavy chain C_(H)3 constant region fused        to the C_(H)2 constant region.

The antigen-binding domain polypeptide may be a heavy chain variableregion or a light chain variable region, a scFv or any other polypeptidecapable of binding specifically to the antigen. Such binding-domainimmunoglobulin fusion proteins are further disclosed in US 2003/0118592and US 2003/0133939. These antibody fragments are obtained usingconventional techniques known to those with skill in the art, and thefragments are screened for utility in the same manner as are intactantibodies.

The term “antibody half-molecule” is used herein to mean an antibodymolecule as described above, but comprising no more than one light chainand no more than one heavy chain, and which exists in water solutions asa heterodimer of said single light and single heavy chain. Such antibodyis by nature monovalent as only one antigen-binding portion is present.

The term “conservative sequence modifications” in the context ofnucleotide or amino acid sequences are modifications of nucleotide(s)and amino acid(s), respectively), which do not significantly affect oralter the binding characteristics of the antibody encoded by thenucleotide sequence or containing the amino acid sequence. Suchconservative sequence modifications include nucleotide and amino acidsubstitutions, additions and deletions. Modifications may be introducedinto the sequences by standard techniques known in the art, such assite-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis. Conservativeamino acid substitutions include ones in which the amino acid residue isreplaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain.Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have beendefined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic sidechains (for instance lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains(for instance aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains(for instance glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine,tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan), nonpolar side chains (for instancealanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine,methionine), beta-branched side chains (for instance threonine, valine,isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (for instance tyrosine,phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). Thus, a predicted nonessentialamino acid residue in a human antibody specific for a certain antigenmay be replaced with another amino acid residue from the same side chainfamily.

As used herein, a human antibody is “derived from” a particular germlinesequence if the antibody is obtained from a system using humanimmunoglobulin sequences, for instance by immunizing a transgenic mousecarrying human immunoglobulin genes or by screening a humanimmunoglobulin gene library, and wherein the variable gene encodedregion (not including the heavy or light chain CDR3) of the selectedhuman antibody is at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, even morepreferably at least 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical in nucleic acidsequence to the germline immunoglobulin gene. Typically, a humanantibody derived from a particular human germline sequence will displayno more than 10 amino acid differences, more preferably, no more than 5,or even more preferably, no more than 4, 3, 2, or 1 amino aciddifference from the amino acid sequence encoded by the germlineimmunoglobulin gene.

The term “epitope” means a protein determinant capable of specificbinding to an antibody. Epitopes usually consist of chemically activesurface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chainsand usually have specific three dimensional structural characteristics,as well as specific charge characteristics. Conformational andnonconformational epitopes are distinguished in that the binding to theformer but not the latter is lost in the presence of denaturingsolvents.

The term “discontinuous epitope”, as used herein, means a conformationalepitope on a protein antigen which is formed from at least two separateregions in the primary sequence of the protein.

For nucleotide and amino acid sequences, the term “homology” indicatesthe degree of identity between two nucleic acid or amino acid sequenceswhen optimally aligned and compared with appropriate insertions ordeletions. Alternatively, substantial homology exists when the DNAsegments will hybridize under selective hybridization conditions, to thecomplement of the strand.

The percent identity between two sequences is a function of the numberof identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e., % homology=≠ofidentical positions/total # of positions×100), taking into account thenumber of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introducedfor optimal alignment of the two sequences. The comparison of sequencesand determination of percent identity between two sequences can beaccomplished using a mathematical algorithm, for instance as describedin the following.

The percent identity between two nucleotide sequences may be determinedusing the GAP program in the GCG software package (available athttp://www.gcg.com), using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight of40, 50, 60, 70, or 80 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Thepercent identity between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences can alsobe determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller (Comput.Appl. Biosci., 4, 11-17 (1988)) which has been incorporated into theALIGN program (version 2.0), using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gaplength penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. In addition, the percentidentity between two amino acid sequences can be determined using theNeedleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48, 444-453 (1970)) algorithm whichhas been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package(available at http://www.gcg.com), using either a Blossum 62 matrix or aPAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and alength weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

The term “host cell” (or “recombinant host cell”), as used herein, isintended to refer to a cell into which a recombinant expression vectorhas been introduced. It should be understood that such terms areintended to refer not only to the particular subject cell but also tothe progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur insucceeding generations due to either mutation or environmentalinfluences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parentcell, but are still included within the scope of the term “host cell” asused herein. Recombinant host cells include, for example, transfectomas,such as transfected CHO cells, NS/0 cells, and lymphocytic cells. Theterm “host cell” in singular form may also denote a culture of aspecific kind of host cell.

The term “human antibody”, as used herein, is intended to includeantibodies having variable and constant regions derived from humangermline immunoglobulin sequences. The human antibodies of the inventionmay include amino acid residues not encoded by human germlineimmunoglobulin sequences (for instance mutations introduced by random orsite-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo).However, the term “human antibody”, as used herein, is not intended toinclude antibodies in which CDR1 or CDR2 sequences derived from thegermline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, or the CDR3region derived from an antibody from another species, such as mouse,have been grafted onto human framework sequences.

The term “K_(D)” (M), as used herein, refers to the dissociationequilibrium constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction.

The terms “monoclonal antibody” or “monoclonal antibody composition” asused herein refer to a preparation of antibody molecules of singlemolecular composition. A monoclonal antibody composition displays asingle binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope.Accordingly, the term “human monoclonal antibody” refers to antibodiesdisplaying a single binding specificity which have variable and constantregions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences.

The term “monovalent antibody” means in the present contex that anantibody molecule is capable of binding a single molecule of theantigen, and thus is not able of antigen crosslinking.

The term “nucleic acid”, nucleic acid construct” or “nucleic acidmolecule”, as used herein, is intended to include DNA molecules and RNAmolecules. A nucleic acid molecule may be single-stranded ordouble-stranded.

The term “isolated nucleic acid”, “isolated nucleic acid construct” or“isolated nucleic acid molecule”, as used herein in reference to nucleicacids encoding antibodies, or fragments thereof is intended to refer toa nucleic acid molecule in which the nucleotide sequences encoding theintact antibody, or fragment thereof, are free of other nucleotidesequences. A nucleic acid may be isolated or rendered substantiallypure, when purified away from other cellular components or othercontaminants, for instance other cellular nucleic acids or proteins, bystandard techniques, including alkaline/SDS treatment, CsCI banding,column chromatography, agarose gel electrophoresis and others well knownin the art. See, F. Ausubel, et al., ed. Current Protocols in MolecularBiology, Greene Publishing and Wiley Interscience, New York (1987).

A nucleic acid is “operably linked” when it is placed into a functionalrelationship with another nucleic acid sequence. For instance, apromoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if itaffects the transcription of the sequence. For switch sequences,operably linked indicates that the sequences are capable of effectingswitch recombination.

When reference is made to “physiological condition” it is meant acondition that exists in vivo, within the organism, or an in vivocondition which is recreated by fully or partially mimicking said invivo condition, for example a water solution with an equivalent osmoticvalue as the blood.

The term “recombinant human antibody”, as used herein, includes allhuman antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated byrecombinant means, such as for instance (a) antibodies isolated from ananimal (for instance a mouse) that is transgenic or transchromosomal forhuman immunoglobulin genes or a hybridoma prepared therefrom, (b)antibodies isolated from a host cell transformed to express theantibody, for instance from a transfectoma, (c) antibodies isolated froma recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library, and (d) antibodiesprepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involvesplicing of human immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences.Such recombinant human antibodies have variable and constant regionsderived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. Such recombinanthuman antibodies may be subjected to in vitro mutagenesis (or, when ananimal transgenic for human Ig sequences is used, in vivo somaticmutagenesis) and thus the amino acid sequences of the V_(H) and V_(L)regions of the recombinant antibodies are sequences that, while derivedfrom and related to human germline V_(H) and V_(L) sequences, may notnaturally exist within the human antibody germline repertoire in vivo.

As used herein, “specific binding”' refers to the binding of anantibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, to a predeterminedantigen. Typically, the antibody binds with an affinity corresponding toa K_(D) of about 10⁻⁷ M or less, such as about 10⁻⁸ M or less, such asabout 10⁻⁹ M or less, about 10⁻¹⁰ M or less, or about 10⁻¹¹M or evenless, when measured for instance using sulfon plasmon resonance onBIAcore or as apparent affinities based on IC₅₀ values in FACS or ELISA,and binds to the predetermined antigen with an affinity corresponding toa K_(D) that is at least ten-fold lower, such as at least 100 foldlower, for instance at least 1000 fold lower, such as at least 10,000fold lower, for instance at least 100,000 fold lower than its affinityfor binding to a non-specific antigen (e.g., BSA, casein) other than thepredetermined antigen or a closely-related antigen. The amount withwhich the affinity is lower is dependent on the KD of the antigenbinding peptide, so that when the KD of the antigen binding peptide isvery low (that is, the antigen binding peptide is highly specific), thenthe amount with which the affinity for the antigen is lower than theaffinity for a non-specific antigen may be at least 10,000 fold.

As used herein, the term “subject” includes any human or non-humananimal. The term “non-human animal” includes all vertebrates, forinstance mammals and non-mammals, such as non-human primates, sheep,goat, dog, cow, mouse, rat, rabbit, chickens, amphibians, reptiles, etc.

When reference is made to a “therapeutically” effective dosage or a“therapeutically effective amount”, it should be taken to mean a dosageor amount effective to achieve a desired therapeutic result over acertain period of time. A therapeutically effective dosage of amonovalent antibody of the invention will of course vary with the targetof the antibody and may also vary according to factors such as thedisease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the abilityof the monovalent antibody to elicit a desired response in theindividual. A therapeutically effective dosage or amount may also be onein which any toxic or detrimental effects of the monovalent antibody areoutweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects.

The terms “transgenic, non-human animal” refers to a non-human animalhaving a genome comprising one or more human heavy and/or light chaintransgenes or transchromosomes (either integrated or non-integrated intothe animal's natural genomic DNA) and which is capable of expressinghuman antibodies. For example, a transgenic mouse can have a human lightchain transgene and either a human heavy chain transgene or human heavychain transchromosome, such that the mouse produces human antibodieswhen immunized with an antigen and/or cells expressing an antigen. Thehuman heavy chain transgene can be integrated into the chromosomal DNAof the mouse, as is the case for transgenic, for instance HuMAb mice,such as HCo7 or HCo12 mice, or the human heavy chain transgene can bemaintained extrachromosomally, as is the case for transchromosomal KMmice as described in WO 02/43478. Such transgenic and transchromosomalmice are capable of producing multiple classes and isotypes ofmonovalent antibodies to a given antigen (for instance IgM, IgG, IgAand/or IgE) by undergoing V-D-J recombination and isotype switching.

The term “transfectoma”, as used herein, includes recombinant eukaryotichost cells expressing the antibody, such Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)cells, NS/0 cells, HEK293 cells, plant cells, or fungi, including yeastcells.

The term “treatment” or “treating” or “treat” means easing,ameliorating, or eradicating (curing) symptoms or disease states.

The term “valence of an antibody” means the maximum number of antigenicdeterminates with which the antibody can react. For example IgGantibodies contain two Fab regions and can bind two molecules of antigenor two identical sites on the same particle, and thus have a valence oftwo.

The term “vector”, as used herein, is intended to refer to a nucleicacid molecule capable of transporting and inducing replication ofanother nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One type of vector isa “plasmid”, which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop intowhich additional DNA segments may be ligated. Another type of vector isa viral vector, wherein additional DNA or RNA segments may be ligatedinto the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomousreplication in a host cell into which they are introduced (for instancebacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomalmammalian vectors). Other vectors (for instance non-episomal mammalianvectors) can be integrated into the genome of a host cell uponintroduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along withthe host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing theexpression of genes to which they are operatively linked. Such vectorsare referred to herein as “recombinant expression vectors” (or simply,“expression vectors”). In general, expression vectors of utility inrecombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids. In thepresent specification, “plasmid” and “vector” may be usedinterchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector.However, the invention is intended to include such other forms ofexpression vectors, such as viral vectors (for instance replicationdefective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses),which serve equivalent functions.

A number of references are made herein to a water solution orphysiological conditions. When reference is made to “water solution” itis meant solution of any chemical matter in water, for example a saltsolution, such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS). A water solution maybe designed for the purpose and contain a number of different chemicalmatters, or it may be a natural body fluid, for example the blood.

Five different classes of immunoglobulins exist, i.e. IgM, IgD, IgG, IgAand IgE, and these classes can be distinguished by their C regions.

Within the IgG class of antibodies several subclasses exist, i.e. inhuman IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 (Jefferis, R. 1990. Molecular structureof human IgG subclasses. In The human IgG subclasses. F. Shakib, ed.Pergamon Press, Oxford, p. 15). Each IgG heavy chain is composed ofstructurally related peptide sequences (i.e. variable and constantregion domains) that are encoded by distinct gene segments or exons. Thehinge region linking the CH1 and CH2 domain is encoded by a separateexon. Each of the four IgG subclass heavy chains may be expressed incombination with either kappa or lambda light chains to give anessentially symmetrical molecule composed of two identical heavy chainsand two identical kappa or lambda light chains. Comparison within theheavy chain defines the CH1, CH2 and CH3 homology regions. Comparisonsbetween like homology regions of each of the four subclassesreveals >95% sequence identity (Jefferis, R. 1990. F. Shakib, ed.Pergamon Press, Oxford, p. 15). The sequence between the CH1 and CH2domains is referred to as the hinge region because it allows molecularflexibility. The CH3 domains are paired and the non-covalentinteractions are sufficient for the IgG molecule to maintain itsstructural integrity following reduction of the inter-heavy chaindisulphide bridges under mild conditions. CH3 domain pairing is compactand similar to pairing in the Fab, with a nearly exact dyad between thetwo domains (Saphire, et al., 2002. J Mol Biol 319:9). This is incontrast to the CH2 domains, which do not associate closely and theircontact is primarily mediated by the two carbohydrate chains attached tothe Asn297 residues (Saphire, et al., 2002. J Mol Biol 319:9).

The characteristic IgG structure in which two heavy-light chainheterodimers are linked is thus maintained by the inter-heavy chaindisulphide bridges of the hinge region and the non-covalent interactionsof the CH3 domains.

The interaction in the CH3 region has shown to be important in IgG1. Ighalf-molecules, which have a dimeric configuration consisting of onlyone light chain and only one heavy chain, have been described as theresult of rare deletions in human and murine plasmacytomas. Severalpatients suffering from extramedullary soft-tissue plasmacytoma,Waldenström macroglobulinemia, plasma cell leukemia and multiplemyeloma, excreted IgG half molecules into their urine. Half-moleculeswere also found to be present in their serum. Studies on the biochemicalnature of these half-molecules showed that they consist of IgG1molecules in which the heavy chain C_(H)1, hinge and C_(H)2 regionsappeared normal, whereas deletions were found in the C_(H)3 region(already in patent application; page 3).

We show in this application that removal of the hinge region in IgG4results in the formation of monovalent antibodies in which the linkagebetween the two heavy-light chain heterodimers is lost or diminished.Consequently, changes in hinge region disulphide bridges of other IgGsubclasses alone or in combination with mutations in the CH3 domaininteractions may result in the formation of monovalent antibodies forthese other subclasses as well. It is well within the capability of theskilled artisan to use the intimate knowledge of structure of Igsubclasses, and the knowledge provided in the present invention, toselect and to modify selected amino acids to prevent light chaininteractions.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present invention relates to amonovalent antibody comprising a light chain and a heavy chain, wherein

-   -   a) said light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of the        variable (V_(L)) region of a selected antigen specific antibody        and the amino acid sequence of the constant (C_(L)) region of an        Ig, and    -   b) said heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of the        variable (V_(H)) region of said selected antigen specific        antibody and the amino acid sequence of the constant (C_(H))        region of human Ig, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy        chain has been modified such that none of any amino acid        residues present in the region corresponding to the hinge region        are capable of participating in the formation of disulphide        bonds with other peptides comprising an identical amino acid        sequence of the constant (C_(H)) region of human Ig    -   c) said heavy or light chain, depending on Ig isotype is        modified by point mutation or deletion in order to remove or        change any amino acids i.e. cysteines, capable of causing the        linking of the antibody, or modification in form of point        mutation or deletion in order to make the heavy chain constant        region similar to that of IgG4 with respect to ability to form        disulfide bonds or covalently link the molecule with its        counterpart forming a dimer.

The amino acid sequence of the light chain of a monovalent antibody ofthe invention comprises the variable (V_(L)) region of a selectedantigen specific antibody and the amino acid sequence of the constantregion (C_(L)) of an immunoglobulin.

According to the invention, the amino acid sequence of the V_(L) regionof the monovalent antibody does not contribute to the molecularproperties of said antibody molecule which are of interest of theinvention, in particular the inability of the monovalent antibody toform heterotetramers (“normal” antibodies), and therefore the inventionis not limited to any particular amino acid sequences of the V_(L)region. The amino acid sequence of the V_(L) region may be derived fromthe amino acid sequence of any antigen specific antibody generated inany of the many ways known to a person skilled in the art.

According to the invention, the amino acid sequence of the V_(H) regionof the monovalent antibody does not contribute to the molecularproperties of said antibody molecule which are of interest of theinvention, in particular the inability of the monovalent antibody toform heterotetramers (“normal” antibodies), and therefore the inventionis not limited to any particular amino acid sequences of the V_(H)region. The amino acid sequence of the V_(H) region may be derived fromthe amino acid sequence of any antigen specific antibody generated inany of the many ways known to a person skilled in the art.

In one embodiment, the monovalent antibody of the invention does notbind to the synthetic antigen (Tyr, Glu), Ala, Lys (Pincus et al. 1985,Molecular Immunolog, vol 22, 4; pp. 455-461)

In another embodiment, the antibody of the invention is a humanantibody.

In another embodiment, the antibody of the invention is based on a humanantibody.

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a monovalentantibody comprising a light chain and a heavy chain, wherein

-   -   a) said light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of the        variable (V_(L)) region of a selected antigen specific antibody        and the amino acid sequence of the constant (C_(L)) region of an        Ig, and    -   b) said heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of the        variable (V_(H)) region of said selected antigen specific        antibody and the amino acid sequence of the constant (C_(H))        region of human IgG4, wherein the amino acid sequence of the        heavy chain has been modified such that none of any amino acid        residues present in the region corresponding to the hinge region        are capable of participating in the formation of disulphide        bonds with other peptides comprising an identical amino acid        sequence of the constant (C_(H)) region of human IgG4.

The amino acid sequence of the light chain of a monovalent antibody ofthe invention comprises the variable (V_(L)) region of a selectedantigen specific antibody and the amino acid sequence of the constantregion (C_(L)) of an immunoglobulin.

According to the invention, the amino acid sequence of the V_(L) regionof the monovalent antibody does not contribute to the molecularproperties of said antibody molecule which are of interest of theinvention, in particular the inability of the monovalent antibody toform heterotetramers (“normal” antibodies), and therefore the inventionis not limited to any particular amino acid sequences of the V_(L)region. The amino acid sequence of the V_(L) region may be derived fromthe amino acid sequence of any antigen specific antibody generated inany of the many ways known to a person skilled in the art.

According to the invention, the amino acid sequence of the V_(H) regionof the monovalent antibody does not contribute to the molecularproperties of said antibody molecule which are of interest of theinvention, in particular the inability of the monovalent antibody toform heterotetramers (“normal” antibodies), and therefore the inventionis not limited to any particular amino acid sequences of the V_(H)region. The amino acid sequence of the V_(H) region may be derived fromthe amino acid sequence of any antigen specific antibody generated inany of the many ways known to a person skilled in the art.

The invention provides an example of 1) a monovalent antibody comprisinga V_(H) region comprising the amino acid sequence of the V_(H) region ofHuMab-7D8 identified as SEQ ID No: 6 and the amino acid sequenceencoding the hingeless C_(H) of IgG4 identified as SEQ ID No: 16,wherein said sequences are operably linked together, and 2) a monovalentantibody comprising a V_(H) region comprising the amino acid sequence ofthe V_(H) region of mouse anti-Betv-1 identified as SEQ ID No: 8 and theamino acid sequence encoding the hingeless C_(H) of IgG4 identified asSEQ ID No: 16, wherein said sequences are operably linked together.

In one embodiment, the V_(H) and V_(L) region of an antibody molecule ofthe invention are derived from the same antigen specific antibody.

According to the invention, the sequence of the C_(L) region of thelight chain of the antibody molecule may be derived from the sequence ofC_(L) region of an immunoglobulin. In one embodiment, the C_(L) regionis the constant region of the kappa light chain of human IgG. In oneembodiment, the C_(L) region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNo: 2. In one embodiment, the C_(L) region is the constant region of thelambda light chain of human IgG. In one embodiment, the C_(L) regioncomprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No: 4.

In one embodiment, the light chain and the heavy chain of the monovalentantibody of the invention are connected to each other via one or moredisulphide bond. It is evident that for such disulphide bonds, neitherof the binding partners in the disulphide bond is present in the regioncorresponding to the hinge region.

In one embodiment, the light chain and the heavy chain are connected toeach other via an amide bond, for instance as it is seen for singlechain Fv's.

The hinge region is a region of an antibody situated between the C_(H)1and C_(H)2 regions of the constant domain of the heavy chain. The extentof the hinge region is determined by the separate exon, which encodesthe hinge region. The hinge region is normally involved in participatingin ensuring the correct assembly of the four peptide chains of anantibody into the traditional tetrameric form via the formation ofdisulphide bonds, or bridges, between one or more cysteine residues inthe hinge region of one of the heavy chains and one or more cysteineresidues in the hinge region of the other heavy chain. A modification ofthe hinge region so that none of the amino acid residues in the hingeregion are capable of participating in the formation of disulphide bondsmay thus for instance comprise the deletion and/or substitution of thecysteine residues present in the unmodified hinge region. A regioncorresponding to the hinge region should for the purpose of thisspecification be construed to mean the region between region C_(H)1 andC_(H)2 of a heavy chain of an antibody. In the context of the presentinvention, such a region may also comprise no amino acid residues atall, corresponding to a deletion of the hinge region, resulting in theC_(H)1 and C_(H)2 regions being connected to each other without anyintervening amino acid residues. Such a region may also comprise onlyone or a few amino acid residues, which residues need not be the aminoacid residues present in the N- or C-terminal of the original hingeregion.

Disulphide bonds is a well-known feature of certain proteins, forinstance antibodies, where one cysteine residue form a disulphide bondwith another cysteine residue on the same chain (intra-chain disulphidebonds) or other chains (inter-chain disulphide bonds) of the protein.There may be several such disulphide bonds within a given protein. Forantibodies, the formation of disulphide bonds, both intra-chain andinter-chain, is an integral part of the correct assembly of the fullymatured wildtype antibody, and the disulphide-bonds are normally atleast partly responsible for the highly ordered and regular apperance ofantibodies as well as for the stability of the antibody. In themonovalent antibodies of the invention, none of the amino acids of thehinge region are capable of participating in the formation of suchdispulphide bonds.

The modification of the amino acid sequence of the hinge region may beperformed on DNA level by use of recombinant techniques enabling thedeletion and/or substitution of amino acids in the expressed protein bythe deletion and/or substitution of nucleic acids as it is well known inthe art and as it is described elsewhere herein and exemplified in theExamples.

The modification may also be performed on an antibody expressed from anon-modified nucleic acid by for instance derivatizing the amino acidresidues in the hinge region, which amino acid residues are capable offorming disulphide bonds. Such derivatization of the cysteine residuesblocking them from forming disulphide bonds with other cysteine residuesmay be performed as it is known in the art.

The modification may also be performed by prepared the chains of theantibodies synthetically by using amino acid residues other thancysteine, for instance naturally occurring amino acids or non-naturallyoccurring amino acids, such as for instance derivatized cysteines,instead of the cysteine residues.

An IgG4 monovalent antibody of the present invention may also be an IgG4variant. Such a variant antibody is an antibody that differs from a IgG4antibody by one or more suitable amino acid residue alterations, that issubstitutions, deletions, insertions, or terminal sequence additions,for instance in the constant domain, and/or the variable regions (or anyone or more CDRs thereof) in a single variant antibody. Typically, aminoacid sequence alterations, such as conservative substitution variations,desirably do not substantially change the structural characteristics ofthe parent sequence (e.g., a replacement amino acid should not tend todisrupt secondary structure that characterizes the function of theparent sequence), but which may be associated with advantageousproperties, such as changing the functional or pharmacokineticproperties of the antibodies, for example increasing the half-life,altering the immunogenicity, providing a site for covalent ornon-covalent binding to another molecule, reducing susceptibility toproteolysis, reducing susceptibility to oxidation, or altering theglycosylation pattern. Such amino acid sequence variants of an antibodymay be obtained as described above for the modifications in the regioncorresponding to the hinge region.

In one embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain has beenmodified such that the region corresponding to the hinge region does notcomprise any cysteine residues.

In one embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain has beenmodified such that at least one of the amino acid residues of the regioncorresponding to the hinge region, including any cysteine residues, havebeen deleted and/or substituted with other amino acid residues. Thehinge region of antibodies of the invention may thus be modified inother positions than the positions, in which any cysteine residues arenormally present, as also described above for variant IgG4 antibodies ofthe invention. Such modifications may be performed as described above orby any other means known in the art.

In the context of the present invention, the cysteine residues of theregion corresponding to the hinge region may be substituted by anynaturally occurring or non-naturally occurring, and/or non-L amino acidresidues other than cysteine or with derivatives of such amino acidresidues including derivatives of cysteine residues, which derivatizedcysteine residues are incapable of participating in the formation ofdisulphide bonds.

In one embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain has beenmodified such that the heavy chain comprises a C_(H) region, wherein theamino acids corresponding to amino acids 106 and 109 of the sequence ofSEQ ID No: 14 has been deleted. SEQ ID No: 14 shows an amino acidsequence of a wildtype C_(H) region of human IgG4 and positions 106 and109 are the positions of the two cysteine residues.

In one embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain has beenmodified such that the heavy chain comprises a C_(H) region, wherein atleast the amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 106to 109 of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 14 has been deleted.

In one embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain has beenmodified such that the heavy chain comprises a C_(H) region, wherein atleast the amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 99 to110 of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 14 has been deleted.

In one embodiment, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID No: 16. SEQ ID No: 16 is the amino acid sequence of the C_(H)region of a human IgG4 generated by expression of the nucleic acidcomprising the sequence of SEQ ID No: 15, which is a nucleic acidsequence encoding the C_(H) region of human IgG4 (SEQ ID No: 13)carrying substitution mutations in positions 714 and 722. Thesesubstitutions in the splice donor site of the nucleic acid sequence hasthe effect that the splicing involving the exon encoding the hingeregion will not be performed correctly resulting in a heavy chainwithout the amino acids residues encoded by the exon.

In one embodiment, the entire hinge region of the C_(H) region has beendeleted. This is the case where no amino acids encoded by the exonencoding the hinge region of the C_(H) region is present in the heavychain. For the IgG4 shown in SEQ ID No: 14, this will correspond to aC_(H) region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No: 16.

In one embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain has beenmodified such that the heavy chain comprises a C_(H) region, wherein theamino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 106 and 109 ofthe sequence of SEQ ID No: 14 has been substituted with amino acidresidues different from cysteine.

In one embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain has beenmodified such that the heavy chain comprises a C_(H) region, wherein oneof the amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 106 and109 of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 14 has been substituted with an aminoacid residue different from cysteine and the other of the amino acidresidues corresponding to amino acid residues 106 and 109 of thesequence of SEQ ID No: 14 has been deleted. In a further embodiment, itis the amino acid residue corresponding to amino acid residues 106,which has been substituted with an amino acid residue different fromcysteine, and the amino acid residue corresponding to amino acidresidues 109, which has been deleted. In another further embodiment, itis the amino acid residue corresponding to amino acid residues 106,which has been deleted, and the amino acid residue corresponding toamino acid residues 109, which has been substituted with an amino acidresidue different from cysteine.

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention is obtainableby a method comprising recombinant expression of the antibody in a cellexpression system in vitro as described elsewhere herein.

In one embodiment, such method comprises

-   -   i) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the light chain        of said antibody, said construct comprising a nucleotide        sequence encoding the V_(L) region of a selected antigen        specific antibody and a nucleotide sequence encoding the C_(L)        region of IgG;    -   ii) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the heavy chain        of said antibody, said construct comprising a nucleotide        sequence encoding the V_(H) region of a selected antigen        specific antibody and a nucleotide sequence encoding the C_(H)        region of human IgG4, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding        the C_(H) region has been modified such that the region        corresponding to the hinge region does not comprise any amino        acid residues capable of participating in the formation of        disulphide bonds;    -   iii) providing a cell expression system for the producing said        monovalent antibody;    -   iv) producing said monovalent antibody comprising a light chain        encoded by the nucleic acid construct of (i) and a heavy chain        encoded by the nucleic acid construct of (ii) by co-expressing        said nucleic acid constructs in cells of the cell expression        system of (iii).

In one embodiment, the monovalent antibody of the invention has a plasmaconcentration above 10 μg/ml for more than 7 days when administered invivo at a dose of 4 mg per kg, as measured in an pharmacokinetic studyin SCID mice (for instance as shown in example 32). The clearance rateof a monovalent antibody of the invention may be measured by use ofpharmacokinetic methods as it is known in the art. the antibody may forinstance be injected intravenously (other routes such as i.p. or i.m.may also be used) in a human or animal after which blood samples aredrawn by venipuncture at several time points, for instance 1 hour, 4hours, 24 hours, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days afterinitial injection). The concentration of antibody in the serum isdetermined by an appropriate assay such as ELISA. Pharmacokineticanalysis is performed as known in the art and described in example 32.Monovalent antibodies of the invention may have a plasma residence time,which is as much as 100 times longer than the plasma residence time offor instance Fab fragments which are frequently used as monovalentantibodies.

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention has a plasmaclearance, which is more than 10 times slower than the plasma clearanceof a F(ab′)₂ fragment, which has a comparable molecular size. This maybe an indication of the capability of the antibodies of the invention tobind to FcRn. FcRn is a major histocompatibility complex class I-relatedreceptor and plays a role in the passive delivery of immunoglobulin(Ig)Gs from mother to young and in the regulation of serum IgG levels byprotecting IgG from intracellular degradation (Ghetie V et al., Annu RevImmunol. 18, 739-66 (2000)). In one embodiment, the F(ab′)₂ fragment isdirected at the same antigen as the monovalent antibody of theinvention. In one embodiment, the F(ab′)₂ fragment is directed at thesame epitope as the monovalent antibody of the invention. In oneembodiment, theV_(H) region and the V_(L) region of the F(ab′)₂ fragmentare identical to the V_(H) region and the V_(L) region of the monovalentantibody of the invention.

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention has ahalf-life of at least 5 days when administered in vivo. The half-life ofa monovalent antibody of the invention may be measured by any methodknown in the art, for instance as described above.

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention has ahalf-life of at least 5 days and up to 14 days, when administered invivo.

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention has ahalf-life of at least 5 days and up to 21 days, when administered invivo.

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention is capable ofbinding to FcRn. Such binding may be determined by use of methods fordetermining binding as it is known in the art, for instance by use ofELISA assays. The binding of a monovalent antibody of the invention toFcRn may for instance be compared to the binding of a F(ab′)₂ fragment,which F(ab′)₂ fragment has a V_(H) region and a V_(L) region, which areidentical to the V_(H) region and the V_(L) region of the monovalentantibody of the invention, to FcRn in the same assay. In one embodiment,the binding of an a monovalent antibody of the invention to FcRn is morethan 10 times stronger than the binding of the F(ab′)₂ fragment to FcRn.

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention specificallybinds a tumor antigen. Without being limited to specific tumor antigens,examples of such tumor antigens could be cMet and VEGF-R.

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention specificallybinds a cell surface receptor that is activated upon receptordimerization. Monovalent antibodies, such as the monovalent antibodiesof the invention, may often be useful in the treatment of diseases ordisorders, where receptor activation is undesirable, since the antibodymolecules of the inventions due to their monovalent nature are unable toinduce such dimerization and thereby such activtion. Without beinglimited to specific receptors, examples of such receptors could beerb-B1, erb-B2, erb-B3, erb-B4 and members of the ephrins and ephrinreceptors such as ephrin-A1 through A6, ephA1 through A8, ephrin B1through B3 and eph-B1 through eph-B6.

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention, when bound toa target molecule, inhibits target molecule multimerization (such asdimerization). Again, monovalent antibodies, such as the monovalentantibodies of the invention, may often be useful in the treatment ofdiseases or disorders, where multimerization of the target antigen isundesirable, since the antibody molecules of the inventions due to theirmonovalent nature are unable to induce such multimerization. In the caseof soluble antigens, multimerization may form undesirable immunecomplexes. Without being limited to specific targets, examples of suchtargets could be Toll-like receptors such as TLR-3 and TLR-9, orangiopoietin-1, or angiopoietin-2, orTNF receptor family members such asCD30, CD40 and CD95.

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention is aninhibitor of TNF-alpha. In one embodiment of the invention, themonovalent antibody of the invention is a mononvalent form ofadalimumab, etanercept, or infliximab.

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention is incapableof effector binding. The expression “incapable of effector binding” or“inability of effector binding” in the present context means that anIgG4 monovalent antibody of the invention is incapable of binding to theC1q component of the first component of complement (C1) and therefore isunable of activating the classical pathway of complement mediatedcytotoxicity. In addition, the monovalent antibodies of the inventionare unable to interact with Fc receptors and may therefore be unable totrigger Fc receptor-mediated effector functions such as phagocytosis,cell activation, induction of cytokine release

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention is produced byuse of recombinant DNA technologies. Antibodies may be produced usingrecombinant eukaryotic host cells, such as chinese hamster ovary (CHO)cells, NS/0 cells, HEK293 cells, insect cells, plant cells, or fungi,including yeast cells. Both stable as well as transient systems may beused for this purpose. Transfection may be done using plasmid expressionvectors by a number of established methods, such as electroporation,lipofection or nucleofection. Alternatively, infection may be used toexpress proteins encoded by recombinant viruses such as adeno, vacciniaor baculoviruses. Another method may be to use transgenic animals forproduction of antibodies.

A DNA sequence encoding the antibody may be prepared synthetically byestablished standard methods, for instance the phosphoamidine methoddescribed by Beaucage et al.,, Tetrahedron Lett. 22, 1859-1869 (1981),or the method described by Matthes et al., EMBO J. 3, 801-805 (1984).According to the phosphoamidine method, oligonucleotides aresynthesised, for instance in an automatic DNA synthesiser, purified,annealed, ligated and cloned in suitable vectors.

A DNA sequence encoding the may also be of genomic or cDNA origin, forinstance obtained by preparing a genomic or cDNA library and screeningfor DNA sequences coding for all or part of the antibody byhybridisation using synthetic oligonucleotide probes in accordance withstandard techniques (cf. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: ALaboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor, 1989). The DNA sequencemay also be prepared by polymerase chain reaction using specificprimers, for instance as described in US 4683202 or Saiki et al. Science239, 487-491 (1988).

The DNA sequence may then be inserted into a recombinant expressionvector, which may be any vector, which may conveniently be subjected torecombinant DNA procedures. The choice of vector will often depend onthe host cell into which it is to be introduced. Thus, the vector may bean autonomously replicating vector, i.e. a vector that exists as anextrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent ofchromosomal replication, for instance a plasmid. Alternatively, thevector may be one which, when introduced into a host cell, is integratedinto the host cell genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s)into which it has been integrated.

In the vector, a DNA sequence encoding the antibody should be operablyconnected to a suitable promoter sequence. The promoter may be any DNAsequence, which shows transcriptional activity in the host cell ofchoice and may be derived from genes encoding proteins either homologousor heterologous to the host cell. Examples of suitable promoters fordirecting the transcription of the coding DNA sequence in mammaliancells are the CMV promoter, the SV40 promoter, the MT-1 (metallothioneingene) promoter or the adenovirus 2 major late promoter. Other suitablepromoters are known in the art. A suitable promoter for use in insectcells is for instance the polyhedrin promoter. Suitable promoters foruse in yeast host cells include promoters from yeast glycolytic genes oralcohol dehydrogenase genes, or the TPI1 or ADH2-4c promoters. Suitablepromoters for use in filamentous fungus host cells are, for instance,the ADH3 promoter or the tpiA promoter.

The coding DNA sequence may also be operably connected to a suitableterminator, such as the human growth hormone terminator or (for fungalhosts) the TPI1 or ADH3 terminators. Other suitable terminators areknown in the art. The vector may further comprise elements such aspolyadenylation signals (for instance from SV40 or the adenovirus 5 Elbregion), transcriptional enhancer sequences (for instance the SV40enhancer) and translational enhancer sequences (for instance the onesencoding adenovirus VA RNAs). Other such signals and enhancers are knownin the art.

The recombinant expression vector may further comprise a DNA sequenceenabling the vector to replicate in the host cell in question. Anexample of such a sequence (when the host cell is a mammalian cell) isthe SV40 origin of replication. Other origins of replications are knownin the art. The vector may also comprise a selectable marker, forinstance a gene the product of which complements a defect in the hostcell, such as the gene coding for dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR),glutamine synthetase (GS) or one which confers resistance to a drug, forinstance neomycin, hydromycin or methotrexate. Other selectable markersare known in the art.

The procedures used to ligate the DNA sequences coding the peptides orfull-length proteins, the promoter and the terminator, respectively, andto insert them into suitable vectors containing the informationnecessary for replication, are well known to persons skilled in the art(cf., for instance, Sambrook et al., op.cit.).

To obtain recombinant monovalent antibodies of the invention, the DNAsequences encoding different parts of the polypeptide chain(s) of theantibody may be individually expressed in a host cell, or may be fused,giving a DNA construct encoding the fusion polypeptide, such as apolypeptide comprising both light and heavy chains, inserted into arecombinant expression vector, and expressed in host cells.

The host cell into which the expression vector may be introduced, may beany cell which is capable of expression of full-length proteins, and mayfor instance be a eukaryotic cell, such as invertebrate (insect) cellsor vertebrate cells, for instance Xenopus laevis oocytes or mammaliancells, such as insect and mammalian cells. Examples of suitablemammalian cell lines are the HEK293 (ATCC CRL-1573), COS (ATCCCRL-1650), BHK (ATCC CRL-1632, ATCC CCL-10), NS/0 (ECACC 85110503) orCHO (ATCC CCL-61) cell lines. Other suitable cell lines are known in theart. In one embodiment, the expression system is a mammalian expressionsystem, such as a mammalian cell expression system comprising variousclonal variations of HEK293 cells.

Methods of transfecting mammalian cells and expressing DNA sequencesintroduced in the cells are described in for instance Kaufman et al.,,J. Mol. Biol. 159, 601-621 (1982); Southern et al., J. Mol. Appl. Genet.1, 327-341 (1982); Loyter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 422-426(1982); Wigler et al., Cell 14, 725 (1978); Corsaro et al., Somatic CellGenetics 7, 603 (1981); Graham et al., Virol. 52, 456 (1973); andNeumann et al., EMBO J. 1, 841-845 (1982). To obtain a monovalentantibody of the invention, host cells of the expression system may inone embodiment to be cotransfected with two expression vectorssimultaneously, wherein first of said two expression vectors comprises aDNA sequence encoding the heavy chain of the antibody, and second ofsaid two expression vectors comprises a DNA sequence encording the lightchain of the antibody. The two sequences may also be present on the sameexpression vector, or they may be fused giving a DNA construct encodingthe fusion polypeptide, such as a polypeptide comprising both light andheavy chains.

In one embodiment, fungal cells (including yeast cells) may be used ashost cells. Examples of suitable yeast cells include cells ofSaccharomyces spp. or Schizosaccharomyces spp., in particular strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Examples of other fungal cells are cells offilamentous fungi, for instance Aspergillus spp. or Neurospora spp., inparticular strains of Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus niger. The useof Aspergillus spp. for the expression of proteins is described in, forinstance EP 238 023.

The medium used to culture the cells may be any conventional mediumsuitable for growing mammalian cells, such as a serum-containing orserum-free medium containing appropriate supplements, or a suitablemedium for growing insect, yeast or fungal cells. Suitable media areavailable from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according topublished recipes (for instance in catalogues of the American TypeCulture Collection).

The recombinantly produced monovalent antibody may then be recoveredfrom the culture medium by conventional procedures including separatingthe host cells from the medium by centrifugation or filtration,precipitating the proteinaceous components of the supernatant orfiltrate by means of a salt, for instance ammonium sulphate,purification by a variety of chromatographic procedures, for instanceHPLC, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, Protein Achromatography, Protein G chromatography, or the like.

The present invention also relates to a method of preparing a monovalentantibody of the invention, wherein said method comprises the steps of:

-   -   (a) culturing a host cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding        said monovalent antibody; and    -   (b) recovering the monovalent antibody from the host cell        culture.

In one embodiment, said host cell is a prokaryotic host cell. In oneembodiment, the host cell is an E. coli cell. In one embodiment, the E.coli cells are of a strain deficient in endogenous protease activities.

In one embodiment, said host cell is a eukaryotic cell. In oneembodiment, the host cell is a HEK-293F cell. In another embodiment, thehost cell is a CHO cell.

In one embodiment, the monovalent antibody is recovered from culturemedium. In another embodiment, the monovalent antibody is recovered fromcell lysate.

The antibodies of the present invention has the advantage of having along halflive in vivo, leading to a longer therapeutic window, ascompared to e.g. a FAB fragment of the same antibody which has aconsiderably shorter halflife in vivo.

Further, due to the long halflife and small size, the monovalentantibodies of the invention will have a potential having a betterdistribution in vivo, in example by being able to penetrate solidtumors. This leads to a great use potential of the monovalent antibodiesof the invention, e.g. for treatment of cancer, since the antibodies ofthe invention could be used either to inhibit a target molecule, or as atarget specific delivery mechanism for other drugs that would treat thedisease.

Due to the absence of activation of the immune system by the monovalentantibodies of the invention, the antibodies of the invention are targetcell inhibitory but not target cell killing. This may be an advantagewhen contemplating the treatment of a variety of diseases whereinhibition of a mechanism is wanted without a desire for the cell to bekilled.

In one embodiment, an anti-VEGF monovalent antibody is used fortreatment of AMD (acute macular degeneration), and other diseases.

In one embodiment, the anti-VEGF monovalent antibody used is amonovalent form of Bevacizumab (Avastin).

Antibodies of the present invention are monovalent, are stable underphysiological conditions, are unable to activate complement, and arethus suitable for use in treating disorders and diseases, in which theuse of polyvalent antibodies, such as divalent antibodies, areunnecessary or disadvantageous, or wherein the activation of complementis unnecessary or disadvantageous. A monovalent antibody of theinvention may be represented in water solutions by a heterodimerconsisting of one light chain and one heavy chain.

The expression “stable under physiological conditions” or “stabilityunder physiological conditions” in the present context means that themonovalent antibody retains its major structural and functionalcharacteristics unchanged and is present in a therapeuticallysignificant concentration for more than one week after said molecule isadministered to a subject in vivo at a dose of 1 to 10 mg per kg. Aplasma concentration of 5 μg/ml is considered to be significant for mosttherapeutic antibodies, because the antibodies may show saturation oftarget binding at this level. A time interval of 7 days is considered inthis context to be relatively long.

Both in immune-deficient and in immune-competent mice, the clearance ofthe hingeless variant is much slower than that of F(ab)₂ fragments,which have a comparable molecular size. This indicates that the Fc-parthas a favorable effect on the plasma residence time in and providesindication of a functional interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor(FcRn) which protects endocytosed IgG from intracellular degradation.The clearance rate of the hingeless variant was about 300 times lowerthan that of Fab fragments, indicating that it may be given at a 300times lower dosing for obtaining equivalent sustained plasmaconcentrations.

The invention also relates to an immunoconjugate of the monovalentantibody of the invention. The present invention features in particulara monovalent antibody of the invention conjugated to a therapeuticmoiety, such as a cytotoxin, a chemotherapeutic drug, animmunosuppressant or a radioisotope. Such conjugates are referred toherein as “immunoconjugates”. A cytotoxin or cytotoxic agent includesany agent that is detrimental to (for instance kills) cells. Examplesinclude taxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine,mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin,doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone,mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids,procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, and puromycin and analogsor homologs thereof.

Suitable chemotherapeutic agents for forming immunoconjugates of theinvention include, but are not limited to, antimetabolites (for instancemethotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, fludarabin,5-fluorouracil, decarbazine, hydroxyurea, azathiprin, gemcitabin andcladribin), alkylating agents (for instance mechlorethamine, thioepa,chlorambucil, melphalan, carmustine (BSNU) and lomustine (CCNU),cyclophosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol, streptozotocin, mitomycinC, and cis-dichlorodiamine platinum (II) (DDP) cisplatin),anthracyclines (for instance daunorubicin (formerly daunomycin) anddoxorubicin), antibiotics (for instance dactinomycin (formerlyactinomycin), bleomycin, mithramycin, and anthramycin (AMC)), andanti-mitotic agents (for instance vincristine, vinblastine, docetaxel,paclitaxel and vinorelbin).

Suitable radioisotopes are for instance iodine-131, yttrium-90 orindium-111.

Further examples of therapeutic moieties may be a protein or polypeptidepossessing a desired biological activity. Such proteins may include, forexample, an enzymatically active toxin, or active fragment thereof, suchas abrin, ricin A, pseudomonas exotoxin, or diphtheria toxin; a proteinsuch as tumor necrosis factor or interferon-y; or biological responsemodifiers such as, for example, lymphokines, interleukin-1 (IL-1),interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), granulocyte macrophagecolony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony stimulatingfactor (G-CSF), or other growth factors.

In one embodiment, the therapeutic moiety is doxorubicin, cisplatin,bleomycin, carmustine, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide or ricin A.

Techniques for conjugating such therapeutic moiety to antibodies arewell known, see, for instance Arnon et al., “Monoclonal Antibodies ForImmunotargeting Of Drugs In Cancer Therapy”, Monoclonal Antibodies AndCancer Therapy, Reisfeld et al. (eds.), pp. 243-56 (Alan R. Liss, Inc.1985); Hellstrom et al., “Antibodies For Drug Delivery”, Controlled DrugDelivery (2nd Ed.), Robinson et al. (eds.), pp. 623-53 (Marcel Dekker,Inc. 1987); Thorpe, “Antibody Carriers Of Cytotoxic Agents In CancerTherapy: A Review”, Monoclonal Antibodies 1984: Biological And ClinicalApplications, Pinchera et al. (eds.), pp. 475-506 (1985); “Analysis,Results, And Future Prospective Of The Therapeutic Use Of RadiolabeledAntibody In Cancer Therapy”, Monoclonal Antibodies For Cancer DetectionAnd Therapy, Baldwin et al. (eds.), pp. 303-16 (Academic Press 1985),and Thorpe et al., “The Preparation And Cytotoxic Properties OfAntibody-Toxin Conjugates”, Immunol. Rev., 62:119-58 (1982).

In one embodiment, the monovalent antibodies of the invention areattached to a linker-chelator, for instance tiuxetan, which allows forthe antibody to be conjugated to a radioisotope.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a monovalent antibody of the present invention.The pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated with pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers or diluents as well as any other known adjuvants andexcipients in accordance with conventional techniques such as thosedisclosed in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19t^(h)Edition, Gennaro, Ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1995.

The pharmaceutical composition may be administered by any suitable routeand mode. As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, the routeand/or mode of administration will vary depending upon the desiredresults.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include thosesuitable for oral, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual),rectal, vaginal and/or parenteral administration.

Formulations of the present invention which are suitable for vaginaladministration include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foamsor spray formulations containing such carriers as are known in the artto be appropriate. Dosage forms for the topical or transdermaladministration of compositions of this invention include powders,sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches andinhalants.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is suitable forparenteral administration.

The phrases “parenteral administration” and “administered parenterally”as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral andtopical administration, usually by injection, and includes, withoutlimitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal,intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal,transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular,subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrasternal injection andinfusion.

In one embodiment the pharmaceutical composition is administered byintra-venous or subcutaneous injection or infusion.

In one embodiment, the monovalent antibodies of the invention areadministered in crystalline form by subcutaneous injection, cf. Yang etal. PNAS, 100(12), 6934-6939 (2003).

Regardless of the route of administration selected, the monovalentantibodies of the present invention, which may be used in the form of apharmaceutically acceptable salt or in a suitable hydrated form, and/orthe pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, are formulatedinto pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms by conventional methodsknown to those of skill in the art.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any andall solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungalagents, isotonicity agents, antioxidants and absorption delaying agents,and the like that are physiologically compatible.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous solutionsor dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation ofsterile injectable solutions or dispersion. The use of such media andagents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art.Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible withthe monovalent antibody, use thereof in the pharmaceutical compositionsof the invention is contemplated.

In one embodiment, the carrier is suitable for parenteraladministration, for instance intravenous or subcutaneous injection orinfusion.

Pharmaceutical compositions typically must be sterile and stable underthe conditions of manufacture and storage. The composition may beformulated as a solution, microemulsion, liposome, or other orderedstructure suitable to high drug concentration. Examples of suitableaqueous and nonaqueous carriers which may be employed in thepharmaceutical compositions of the invention include water, ethanol,polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, andthe like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as oliveoil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Properfluidity may be maintained, for example, by the use of coatingmaterials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particlesize in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.

The pharmaceutical compositions may also contain adjuvants such aspresservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersingagents. Prevention of presence of microorganisms may be ensured both bysterilization procedures and by the inclusion of various antibacterialand antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol,sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to includeisotonicity agents, such as sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol,sorbitol, glycerol or sodium chloride in the compositions.Pharmaceutically-acceptable antioxidants may also be included, forexample (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteinehydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfiteand the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate,butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT),lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metalchelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions may be brought aboutby including agents that delays absorption, for example, monostearatesalts and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions may be prepared by incorporating themonovalent antibody in the required amount in an appropriate solventwith one or a combination of ingredients for instance as enumeratedabove, as required, followed by sterilization microfiltration.Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the monovalentantibody into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion mediumand the required other ingredients for instance from those enumeratedabove. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterileinjectable solutions, examples of methods for preparation are vacuumdrying and freeze-drying (lyophilization) that yield a powder of theactive ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from apreviously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

If appropriate, the monovalent antibody may be used in a suitablehydrated form or in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. A“pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt that retains thedesired biological activity of the parent compound and does not impartany undesired toxicological effects (see for instance Berge, S. M., etal. (1977) J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19). Examples of such salts include acidaddition salts and base addition salts. Acid addition salts includethose derived from nontoxic inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric,nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphorous andthe like, as well as from nontoxic organic acids such as aliphatic mono-and dicarboxylic acids, phenyl-substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxyalkanoic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acidsand the like. Base addition salts include those derived from alkalineearth metals, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and thelike, as well as from nontoxic organic amines, such asN,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, N-methyl-glucamine, chloroprocaine,choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, procaine and the like.

Depending on the route of administration, the monovalent antibody may becoated in a material to protect the compound from the action of acidsand other natural conditions that may inactivate the compound. Forexample, the compound may be administered to a subject in an appropriatecarrier, for example, liposomes. Liposomes include water-in-oil-in-waterCGF emulsions as well as conventional liposomes (Strejan et al., J.Neuroimmunol. 7, 27 (1984)).

The monovalent antibody may be prepared with carriers that will protectthe monovalent antibody against rapid release, such as a controlledrelease formulation, including implants, transdermal patches, andmicroencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatiblepolymers may be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides,polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid.Methods for the preparation of such formulations are generally known tothose skilled in the art, see for instance Sustained and ControlledRelease Drug Delivery Systems, J. R. Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc.,New York, 1978.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be administered with medical devicesknown in the art. In one embodiment, a therapeutic composition of theinvention may be administered with a needleless hypodermic injectiondevice, such as the devices disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,399,163;5,383,851; 5,312,335; 5,064,413; 4,941,880; 4,790,824; or 4,596,556.Examples of well-known implants and modules useful in the presentinvention include: U.S. Pat. No. 4,487,603, which discloses animplantable micro-infusion pump for dispensing medication at acontrolled rate; U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,194, which discloses a therapeuticdevice for administering medicants through the skin; U.S. Pat. No.4,447,233, which discloses a medication infusion pump for deliveringmedication at a precise infusion rate; U.S. Pat. No. 4,447,224, whichdiscloses a variable flow implantable infusion apparatus for continuousdrug delivery; U.S. Pat. No. 4,439,196, which discloses an osmotic drugdelivery system having multi-chamber compartments; and U.S. Pat. No.4,475,196, which discloses an osmotic drug delivery system. Many othersuch implants, delivery systems, and modules are known to those skilledin the art.

In one embodiment, the monovalent antibodies of the invention may beformulated to ensure proper distribution in vivo for instance by use ofliposomes. For methods of manufacturing liposomes, see for instance U.S.Pat. Nos. 4,522,811; 5,374,548; and 5,399,331. The liposomes maycomprise one or more moieties which are selectively transported intospecific cells or organs, thus enhance targeted drug delivery (see, forinstance V. V. Ranade, J. Clin. Pharmacol. 29, 685 (1989)). Exemplarytargeting moieties include folate or biotin (see, for instance U.S. Pat.No. 5,416,016); mannosides (Umezawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res.Commun. 153, 1038 (1988)); other antibodies (Bloeman et al., FEBS Lett.357, 140 (1995); Owais et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39, 180(1995)); surfactant protein A receptor (Briscoe et al., Am. J. Physiol.1233, 134 (1995)), different species of which may comprise theformulations of the inventions, as well as components of the inventedmolecules; p120 (Schreier et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269, 9090 (1994)); seealso Keinanen et al., FEBS Lett. 346, 123 (1994); Killion et al.,Immunomethods 4, 273 (1994). The composition must be fluid to the extentthat easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditionsof manufacture and storage and must be preserved against thecontaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.

In one embodiment, the monovalent antibodies of the invention may beformulated to prevent or reduce their transport across the placenta.This may be done by methods known in the art, for instance by PEGylationof the monovalent antibodies. Further references may be made toCunningham-Rundles et al., J Immunol Methods. 152, 177-190 (1992); andto Landor et al.,Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 74, 279-283 (1995).

Dosage regimens are adjusted to provide the optimum desired response(for instance a therapeutic response). For example, a single bolus maybe administered, several divided doses may be administered over time orthe dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by theexigencies of the therapeutic situation. It is especially advantageousto formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease ofadministration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used hereinrefers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for thesubjects to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined quantity ofmonovalent antibody calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effectin association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. Thespecification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated byand directly dependent on (a) the unique characteristics of themonovalent antibody and the particular therapeutic effect to beachieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compoundingsuch a monovalent antibody for the treatment of sensitivity inindividuals.

Actual dosage levels of the monovalent antibodies in the pharmaceuticalcompositions of the present invention may be varied so as to obtain anamount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve thedesired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, andmode of administration. The selected dosage level will depend upon avariety of pharmacokinetic factors including the activity of theparticular monovalent antibodies of the present invention employed, theroute of administration, the time of administration, the rate ofexcretion of the particular monovalent antibody being employed, theduration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials usedin combination with the particular compositions employed, the age, sex,weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of thepatient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.

A physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readilydetermine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceuticalcomposition required. For example, the physician or veterinarian couldstart doses of the compounds of the invention employed in thepharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in orderto achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase thedosage until the desired effect is achieved. In general, a suitable doseof a pharmaceutical composition of the invention will be that amount ofthe monovalent antibody which is the lowest dose effective to produce atherapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend uponthe factors described above. As another example, the physician orveterinarian may start with a high loading dose followed by repeatedadministration of lower doses to rapidly build up a therapeuticallyeffective dose and maintain it over longer periods of time.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may contain one or acombination of different monovalent antibodies of the invention. Thus,in a further embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions include acombination of multiple (for instance two or more) monovalent antibodiesof the invention which act by different mechanisms. The monovalentantibodies may also be thus combined with divalent antibodies.

The present invention also relates to a nucleic acid construct encodingthe amino acid sequence of the C_(H) region of the heavy chain of amonovalent antibody of the invention.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a nucleic acid constructcomprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) region of an IgG4,wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) region has beenmodified such that the region corresponding to the hinge region in saidC_(H) region does not comprise any amino acid residues capable ofparticipating in the formation of disulphide bonds with peptidescomprising an amino acid sequence identical to the amino acid sequenceof said C_(H) region, or a sequence complementary thereof.

A nucleic acid construct encoding the C_(H) region of a monovalentantibody of the invention may be derived from nucleic acids encoding theC_(H) region of IgG4. The nucleic acid construct encoding the full-lenghamino acid sequence of the C_(H) region of IgG4 may be prepared by anyof the methods discussed herein, for instance in the Examples, or inother ways known in the art. The methods of manipulation withrecombinant DNA sequences are well known in the art, and may forinstance be done by using site-directed mutagenises, such as describedin the present specification. However, site-directed mutagenesis is justone of non-limited examples of the technologies that may be applied.

The modification of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) regionmay be performed as described above for the construction of themonovalent antibodies of the invention.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) regionhas been modified such that the region corresponding to the hinge regiondoes not comprise any cysteine residues.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) regionhas been modified such that at least one of the amino acid residues ofthe region corresponding to the hinge region, including any cysteineresidues, have been deleted and/or substituted with other amino acidresidues.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) regionhas been modified such that the amino acids corresponding to amino acids106 and 109 of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 14 have been deleted.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) regionhas been modified such that at least the amino acid residuescorresponding to amino acid residues 106 to 109 of the sequence of SEQID No: 14 has been deleted.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) regionhas been modified such that at least the amino acid residuescorresponding to amino acid residues 99 to 110 of the sequence of SEQ IDNo: 14 has been deleted.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) regionhas been modified such that the entire hinge region has been deleted.

In one embodiment, mutation (substitution) of nucleotides correspondingto the splice donor site of the hinge region in the sequence encodingthe C_(H) region of IgG4, identified herein as SEQ ID No: 13, leads toexpression of a polypeptide comprising a hingeless C_(H) region of IgG4.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct of theinvention has been modified such that at least one nucleotide of thesplice donor site of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the hinge regionhas been substituted with a nucleotide different than the nucleotideoriginally present in that position.

In one embodiment, the nucleotides corresponding to the nucleotides inposition 714 and 722 of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 13 has beensubstituted with a nucleotide different than the nucleotide present atthat position in SEQ ID No: 13.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) regionof a nucleic acid construct of the invention comprises a sequence of SEQID No: 13, wherein nucleotides 714 and 722 of the sequence of SEQ ID No:13 has been substituted with a nucleotide different than the nucleotidepresent at that position in SEQ ID No: 13.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) regionof a nucleic acid construct of the invention comprises the nucleotidesequence of SEQ ID No: 15.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) regionof a nucleic acid construct of the invention has been modified such thatthe amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 106 and 109of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 14 has been substituted with amino acidresidues different from cysteine.

In one embodiment, the substituted nucleotides of the nucleic acidsequence encoding the C_(H) region of a nucleic acid construct of theinvention are substituted by using site-directed mutagenesis.

In one embodiment, a nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleic acidsequence encoding the C_(H) region of an IgG4, wherein the nucleic acidsequence encoding the C_(H) region has been modified such that theregion corresponding to the hinge region does not comprise any aminoacid residues capable of participating in the formation of disulphidebonds, is fused with a nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequenceencoding the V_(H) region of the monovalent antibody of the invention.

Thus, in one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleicacid sequence encoding the V_(H) region of an antigen specific antibody,or a sequence complementary thereof.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the V_(H) regionof the nucleic acid construct is operably linked to the nucleic acidsequence encoding the C_(H) region, or a sequence complementary thereof.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises a nucleotidesequence encoding the heavy chain of a monovalent antibody of theinvention.

This may be achieved by using well-known technologies to obtain anucleic acid construct wherein two different coding sequences areoperably linked together. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the V_(H)region of a monovalent antibody of the invention may be derived fromnucleic acids encoding the V_(H) region of any antigen specificantibody. In one embodiment, the V_(H) region is derived from the sameantibody from which the V_(L) region of the monovalent antibody isderived from. The invention provides examples of how to make nucleicacid constructs comprising

-   -   1) the nucleic acid sequence encoding the V_(H) of HuMab-7D8        identified as SEQ ID No: 5 and the nucleic acid sequence        encoding the hingeless C_(H) of IgG4 identified as SEQ ID No:        15, wherein said sequences are operably linked together, and    -   2) the nucleic acid sequence encoding the V_(H) of mouse        anti-Betv-1 identified as SEQ ID No: 7 and the nucleic acid        sequence encoding the hingeless C_(H) of IgG4 identified as SEQ        ID No: 15, wherein said sequences are operably linked together.

A number of different nucleic acid constructs encoding monovalentantibodies capable of binding different specific antigens may begenerated by using the method of the invention described above andtherefore examples of specific monovalent antibodies are not limited tothe examples of antibodies described herein.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct of the invention alsocomprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding the light chain of amonovalent antibody of the invention.

In one embodiment, a nucleic acid construct of the invention comprises anucleic acid sequence encoding the V_(L) region of a monovalent antibodyof the invention.

In one embodiment, a nucleic acid construct of the invention comprises anucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(L) region of a monovalent antibodyof the invention. In one embodiment, the C_(L) region is the C_(L)region of Ig light chain kappa. In one embodiment, the C_(L) region hasthe sequence of SEQ ID No: 1. In another embodiment, the C_(L) region isthe C_(L) region of Ig light chain kappa. In one embodiment, the C_(L)region has the sequence of SEQ ID No: 3.

Such nucleic acid construct may be prepared by any known recombinanttechnology discussed herein, or prepared according to the proceduresdescribed in the present application in provided examples.

The nucleic acid sequence encoding the V_(L) region of the monovalentantibody of the invention may be derived from nucleic acids encoding theV_(H) region of any antigen specific antibody. In one embodiment, theV_(L) region is derived from the same antibody from which the V_(H)region of the monovalent antibody is derived from. The inventionprovides examples of how to make

-   -   1) a nucleic acid construct comprising the nucleic acid sequence        encoding the V_(L) of HuMab-7D8 identified as SEQ ID No: 9 and        the nucleic acid sequence encoding a C_(L) kappa of an Ig        identified as SEQ ID No: 1, wherein said sequences are operably        linked together, and    -   2) a nucleic acid construct comprising the nucleic acid sequence        encoding the V_(L) of mouse anti-Betv-1 identified as SEQ ID No:        11 and the nucleic acid sequence encoding a C_(L) kappa of an Ig        identified as SEQ ID No: 1, wherein said sequences are operably        linked together.

The nucleic acids may be present in whole cells, in a cell lysate, or ina partially purified or substantially pure form.

The nucleic acid constructs of the present invention, while often in anative sequence (except for modified restriction sites and the like),from either cDNA, genomic or mixtures thereof, may be mutated inaccordance with standard techniques to provide gene sequences. Forcoding sequences, these mutations, may affect amino acid sequence asdesired. In particular, DNA sequences substantially homologous to orderived from native V, D, J, constant, switch variants and other suchsequences described herein are contemplated (where “derived” indicatesthat a sequence is identical or modified from another sequence).

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct is a DNA construct. In oneembodiment, the nucleic acid construct is a double-stranded DNAconstruct.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct is a RNA construct.

In one embodiment, the monovalent antibodies of the invention areprepared by allowing a nucleic acid construct as described above to beexpressed in a cell.

Thus, the invention relates to a nucleic acid construct as describedabove, which is an expression vector. In one embodiment, the expressionvector is a prokaryotic expression vector. In one embodiment, theexpression vector is a eukaryotic expression vector. In one embodiment,the expression vector is a mammalian expression vector. Examples ofdifferent expression vectors, which may be used for the purpose of theinvention, are discussed elsewhere herein and particular examples aredescribed in the Example section.

The invention provides a method of preparing a monovalent antibody ofthe invention comprising culturing a host cell comprising a nucleic acidconstruct of the invention, and, if said nucleic acid construct does notencode the light chain of said antibody, also comprising a nucleic acidconstruct comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the light chain ofsaid antibody, so that polypeptides are expressed, and recovering themonovalent antibody from the cell culture. In one embodiment, themonovalent antibody is recovered from the cell lysate. In anotherembodiment, the monovalent antibody is recovered from the cell culturemedium.

The invention also provides the use of a nucleic acid construct of theinvention for the production of a monovalent antibody of the invention.In one embodiment, said production includes the use of a method asdescribed in further detail below.

A monovalent antibody of the invention may thus for instance be preparedby expressing an expression vector comprising a nucleic acid sequenceencoding the light chain of the antibody of the invention and anexpression vector comprising a nucleic sequence encoding the heavy chainof the antibody of the invention, or an expression vector comprisingboth, in host cells. The host cells may be selected from any cellssuitable for expression of foreign proteins, for example mammaliancells, as described elsewhere herein. The invention relates to both invivo and in vitro expression.

For transient in vitro expression mammalian HEK293 cells may be used. Inthis case cells in culture are to be trasfected with the expressionsvectors of above by any suitable methods for cell transfection which arewell-known in the art, for example a suitable cell tranfection kit maybe purchased from a commercial manufacturer, for example Stratagene orInvitrogene. For in vivo expression the expression vector isadministered in vivo by any suitable way of administration developed forthis purpose. The methods for administration of the expression vectorsin vivo are also well known in the art.

Accordingly, the invention provides a host cell comprising a nucleicacid construct as described above. In one embodiment, the host cell is aprokaryotic cell. In one embodiment, the host cell is an E. coli cell.In another embodiment, the host cell is a eukaryotic cell. In oneembodiment, the host cell is a mammalian cell. In one embodiment, thehost cell is a CHO cell. In another embodiment, the host cell is aHEK-293F cell.

The invention provides a method of preparing a monovalent antibody ofthe invention comprising culturing a host cell of the invention, whichhost cell comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding the heavy chain ofsaid antibody and a nucleic acid sequence encoding the light chain ofsaid antibody, so that polypeptides are expressed, and recovering themonovalent antibody from the cell culture. The invention also providesthe use of a host cell of the invention for the production of amonovalent antibody of the invention. In one embodiment, said productionincludes the use of a method as described in further detail below. Thenucleic acid sequence may be present in the same nucleic acid constructas the nucleic acid sequence encoding the heavy chain or present in aseparate nucleic acid construct. In one embodiment, the monovalentantibody is recovered from the cell lysate. In another embodiment, themonovalent antibody is recovered from the cell culture medium.

The invention also provides a transgene animal comprising a nucleic acidconstruct as described above.

The invention provides a method for recombinant production of amonovalent antibody, said method comprising

-   -   i) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the light chain        of said monovalent antibody, said construct comprising a        nucleotide sequence encoding the V_(L) region of a selected        antigen specific antibody and nucleic sequence encoding the        constant (C_(L)) region of an Ig, wherein said nucleotide        sequence encoding the V_(L) region of a selected antigen        specific antibody and said nucleic sequence encoding the C_(L)        region of an Ig are operably linked together;    -   ii) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the heavy chain        of said monovalent antibody, said construct comprising a        nucleotide sequence encoding the V_(H) region of a selected        antigen specific antibody and nucleic acid encoding a C_(H)        region of a human IgG4 wherein the nucleic acid sequence        encoding the heavy chain has been modified such that the region        corresponding to the hinge region of the heavy chain does not        comprise any amino acid residues capable of participating in the        formation of disulphide bonds with other peptides comprising an        identical amino acid sequence of the constant (C_(H)) region of        human IgG4, wherein said nucleic acid encoding the V_(H) region        of a selected antigen specific antibody and said nucleic acid        encoding the C_(H) region of IgG4 are operably linked together;    -   iii) providing a cell expression system for the production of        said antibody;    -   iv) producing said monovalent antibody by co-expressing the        nucleic acid constructs of (i) and (ii) in cells of the cell        expression system of (iii).

After step (iv) the monovalent antibody may be purified and formulatedas desired.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the heavy chainhas been modified such that the region corresponding to the hinge regionof the heavy chain does not comprise any cysteine residues as describedabove.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the heavy chainhas been modified such that at least one of the amino acid residues ofthe region corresponding to the hinge region, including any cysteineresidues, have been deleted and/or substituted with other amino acidresidues as described above.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the heavy chainhas been modified such that the heavy chain comprises a C_(H) region,wherein the amino acids corresponding to amino acids 106 and 109 of thesequence of SEQ ID No: 14 have been deleted as described above.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the heavy chainhas been modified such that the heavy chain comprises a C_(H) region,wherein at least the amino acid residues corresponding to amino acidresidues 106 to 109 of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 14 has been deleted asdescribed above.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the heavy chainhas been modified such that the heavy chain comprises a C_(H) region,wherein at least the amino acid residues corresponding to amino acidresidues 99 to 110 of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 14 has been deleted asdescribed above.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the heavy chainhas been modified such that the entire hinge region has been deleted asdescribed above.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct encoding the heavy chainof said monovalent antibody comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding aC_(H) region of a human IgG4, wherein at least one nucleotide of thesplice donor site of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the hinge regionhas been substituted with another nucleotide as described above.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct encoding the heavy chainof said monovalent antibody comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding aC_(H) region of a human IgG4, wherein the nucleotides corresponding tothe nucleotides in position 714 and 722 of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 13has been substituted with a nucleotide different than the nucleotidepresent at that position in SEQ ID No: 13 as described above.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct encoding the heavy chainof said monovalent antibody comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding aC_(H) region of a human IgG4 comprising a sequence of SEQ ID No: 13,wherein nucleotides 714 and 722 of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 13 hasbeen substituted with a nucleotide different than the nucleotide presentat that position in SEQ ID No: 13 as described above.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct encoding the heavy chainof said monovalent antibody comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ IDNo: 15 as described above.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the heavy chainhas been modified such that the heavy chain comprises a C_(H) region,wherein the amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 106and 109 of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 14 has been substituted with aminoacid residues different from cysteine as described above.

In one embodiment, the substituted nucleotides of the nucleic acidsequence encoding the hinge region of the C_(H) region are substitutedby using site-directed mutagenesis as described above.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct encoding the light chainof said monovalent antibody comprises a sequence encoding the C_(L)region of the kappa chain of human IgG as described above.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises the nucleotidesequence of SEQ ID No: 1 as described above.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct encoding the light chainof said monovalent antibody comprises a sequence encoding the C_(L)region of the lambda chain of human IgG as described above.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises the nucleotidesequence of SEQ ID No: 3 as described above.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid constructs are DNA constructs asdescribed above.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct of (i), (ii), (iii) and/or(iv) is a prokaryotic expression vector as described above. In a furtherembodiment, the cell expression system is a prokaryotic cell expressionsystem as described above. In a further embodiment, the prokaryotic cellexpression system comprises E. coli cells as described above. In afurther embodiment, the E. coli cells are of a strain deficient inendogenous protease activities as described above.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid construct of (i), (ii), (iii) and/or(iv) is a eukaryotic expression vector as described above. In a furtherembodiment, the cell expression system is a eukaryotic cell expressionsystem as described above. In a further embodiment, the cell expressionsystem is a mammalian cell expression system as described above. In afurther embodiment, the mammalian cell expression system comprises CHOcells as described above. In another further embodiment, the mammaliancell expression system comprises HEK-293F cells as described above.

The present invention also provides a monovalent antibody obtainable byuse of a method of the invention.

The present invention also provides a monovalent antibody obtained byuse of a method of the invention.

According to the invention, any antigen specific monovalent antibody ofthe invention may be made by using a method as described above.

The monovalent antibody of the present invention have numerous in vitroand in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic utilities involving the diagnosisand treatment of disorders involving cells expressing the antigen whichthe antibody can recognize and bind to. The invention does not relate tomonovalent antibodies directed at any specific antigen, as according tothe invention the monovalent antibody described in the presentspecification may be made against any specific antigen. The inventiondiscloses two different monovalent antibodies, 7D8-HG (HuMab 7D8, orsimply 7D8, is an anti-CD20 antibody described in WO04/035607, and HuMab7D8-HG, or simply 7D8-HG, is the same antibody having an IgG4 heavychain comprising a C_(H) region consisting of an amino acid sequencewith SEQ ID No: 16) and anti-Betv1-HG (anti-Betv1 is a mouse antibodyexpressed by clone 2H8 from reference (Akkerdaas J H et al., Allergy50(3), 215-20 (1995)) and anti-Betv1-HG is the same antibody having anIgG4 heavy chain comprising a C_(H) region consisting of an amino acidsequence with SEQ ID No: 16), prepared by the method described in thepresent application, however the invention is not restricted to thesetwo monovalent antibodies. In one embodiment, the CD20 monovalentantibodies according to the invention are monovalent antibodies of theantibodies disclosed in WO2005/103081.

In certain pathological conditions, it is necessary and/or desirable toutilize monovalent antibodies. Also, in some instances, it is preferredthat a therapeutic antibody effects its therapeutic action withoutinvolving immune system-mediated acitivities, such as the effectorfunctions, ADCC, phagocytosis and CDC. In such situations, it isdesirable to generate forms of antibodies in which such activities aresubstantially reduced or eliminated. It is also advantageous if theantibody is of a form that can be made efficiently and with high yield.The present invention provides such antibodies, which may be used for avariety of purposes, for example as therapeutics, prophylactics anddiagnostics.

The specific utility of a monovalent antibody of the invention isnaturally dependent on the specific target of the antibody. Theselection of targets for which a monovalent antibody of the invention isa useful antibody for therapeutics, prophylactics and diagnostics may bebased on the therapeutic value of administering an antibody specific forthe target, or specific for a given epitope on the target (suchinformation is abundant in the art regarding a host of differenttargets) and the advantages of using a stable monovalent antibody forthe specific target. Such considerations are within the skills of theperson skilled in the art.

A monovalent antibody of the invention may be used as an antagonist topartially or fully block the specific antigen activity in vitro, ex vivoand/or in vivo. Moreover, a monovalent antibody of the invention mayneutralize antigen activity from other species due to cross-bindingcaused by the different antigen sharing the same epitopes. Accordingly,the monovalent antibodies of the invention may be used to inhibit aspecific antigen activity, for instance in a cell culture containing theantigen, in human subjects or in other mammalian subjects having theantigen with which an antibody of the invention cross-reacts (forinstance chimpanzee, baboon, marmoset, cynomolgus and rhesus, pig ormouse). In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention may beused for inhibiting antigen activities by contacting the antibody withthe antigen such that antigen activity is inhibited. In one embodiment,the antigen is a human protein molecule.

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention is specific toa ligand antigen, and inhibits the antigen activity by blocking orinterfering with the ligand-receptor interaction involving the ligandantigen, thereby inhibiting the corresponding signal pathway and othermolecular or cellular events.

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention is specific toa receptor antigen, which may be activated by contact with a ligand, andinhibits the antigen activity by blocking or interfering with theligand-receptor interaction, thereby inhibiting the corresponding signalpathway and other molecular or cellular events.

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention is directed toCD74 and inhibits MIF-induced signaling, but lacks Fc-mediated effectorfunctions.

The invention also features receptor-specific monovalent antibodieswhich do not necessarily prevent ligand binding but interfere withreceptor activation, thereby inhibiting any responses that wouldnormally be initiated by the ligand binding. The invention alsoencompasses monovalent antibodies that either preferably or exclusivelybind to ligand-receptor complexes.

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention may act as anagonist of a particular antigen receptor, thereby potentiating,enhancing or activating either all or partial activities of theligand-mediated receptor activation.

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention may preventbinding of a virus or other pathogen to its receptor, such as inhibitionof HIV binding to CD4 or coreceptor such as CCR5 or CXCR4.

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention may be used totreat, inhibit, delay progression of, prevent/delay recurrence of,ameliorate, or prevent diseases, disorders or conditions associated withabnormal expression and/or activity of one or more antigen molecules,such as including but not limited to malignant and benign tumors;non-leukemias and lymphoid malignancies; neuronal, glial, astrocytal,hypothalamic and other glandular, macrophagal, epithelial, stromal andblastocoelic disorders; and inflammatory, angiogenic and immunologicdisorders.

In one embodiment, a monovalent antibody of the invention may be used totreat, such as inhibit, delay progression of, prevent/delay recurrenceof, or ameliorate, or to prevent diseases, disorders or conditions suchas a cancer, a cell proliferative disorder, an (auto-) immune disorder,an inflammation disorder and/or an angiogenesis disorder. This willdepend on the monovalent antibody being able to, through its antigenspecificity, to interfer with cell proliferation, cell growth, cellviability, apoptosis, necrosis, cell-cell interaction, cell-matrixinteraction, cell signaling, cell-surface molecule expression,cell-surface molecule interactions, ligand-receptor interactions.

The present invention provides a monovalent antibody of the inventionfor use as a medicament.

The present invention provides a monovalent antibody of the inventionfor use as a medicament for treating cancer, a cell proliferativedisorder, an (auto-) immune disorder, an inflammation disorder and/or anangiogenesis disorder, wherein the antibody specifically binds a giventarget or target epitope, where the binding of an antibody to saidtarget or target epitope is effective in treating said disease.

The present invention provides a monovalent antibody of the inventionfor use as a medicament for treating a disease or disorder, whichdisease or disorder is treatable by blocking or inhibiting a solubleantigen, wherein multimerization (such as dimerization) of said antigenmay form undesirable immune complexes, and wherein said antibodyspecifically binds said antigen.

The present invention provides a monovalent antibody of the inventionfor use as a medicament for treating a disease or disorder, whichdisease or disorder is treatable by administration of an antibodyagainst a certain target, wherein the involvement of immunesystem-mediated acitivities is not necessary or is undesirable forachieving the effects of the administration of the antibody, and whereinsaid antibody specifically binds said antigen.

The present invention provides a monovalent antibody of the inventionfor use as a medicament for treating a disease or disorder, whichdisease or disorder is treatable by blocking or inhibiting a cellmembrane bound receptor, wherein said receptor may be activated bydimerization of said receptor, and wherein said antibody specificallybinds said receptor.

The present invention provides the use of a monovalent antibody of theinvention as a medicament.

The present invention provides the use of a monovalent antibody of theinvention as a medicament for treating cancer, a cell proliferativedisorder, an (auto-) immune disorder, an inflammation disorder and/or anangiogenesis disorder, wherein the antibody specifically binds a giventarget or target epitope, where the binding of an antibody to saidtarget or target epitope is effective in treating said disease.

The present invention provides the use of a monovalent antibody of theinvention as a medicament for treating a disease or disorder, whichdisease or disorder is treatable by blocking or inhibiting a solubleantigen, wherein multimerization (such as dimerization) of said antigenmay form undesirable immune complexes.

The present invention provides the use of a monovalent antibody of theinvention as a medicament for treating a disease or disorder, whichdisease or disorder is treatable by administration of an antibodyagainst a certain target, wherein the involvement of immunesystem-mediated acitivities is not necessary or is undesirable forachieving the effects of the administration of the antibody, and whereinsaid antibody specifically binds said antigen.

The present invention provides the use of a monovalent antibody of theinvention as a medicament for treating a disease or disorder, whichdisease or disorder is treatable by blocking or inhibiting a cellmembrane bound receptor, wherein said receptor may be activated bydimerization of said receptor, and wherein said antibody specificallybinds said receptor.

The present invention provides the use of a monovalent antibody of theinvention for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition fortreating cancer, a cell proliferative disorder, an (auto-) immunedisorder, an inflammation disorder and/or an angiogenesis disorder,wherein the antibody specifically binds a given target or targetepitope, where the binding of an antibody to said target or targetepitope is effective in treating said disease.

The present invention provides the use of a monovalent antibody of theinvention for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition fortreating a disease or disorder, which disease or disorder is treatableby blocking or inhibiting a soluble antigen, wherein multimerization(such as dimerization) of said antigen may form undesirable immunecomplexes.

The present invention provides the use of a monovalent antibody of theinvention for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition fortreating a disease or disorder, which disease or disorder is treatableby administration of an antibody against a certain target, wherein theinvolvement of immune system-mediated acitivities is not necessary or isundesirable for achieving the effects of the administration of theantibody, and wherein said antibody specifically binds said antigen.

The present invention provides the use of a monovalent antibody of theinvention for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition fortreating a disease or disorder, which disease or disorder is treatableby blocking or inhibiting a cell membrane bound receptor, wherein saidreceptor may be activated by dimerization of said receptor, and whereinsaid antibody specifically binds said receptor.

The invention provides a method of treating a disease or disorder,wherein said method comprises administering to a subject in need oftreatment a monovalent antibody of the invention, a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising said antibody, immunoconjugate comprising saidantibody, or a nucleic acid construct of the invention, whereby thedisease or disorder is treated.

The invention provides a method for inhibiting an antigen in a subjectsuffering from a disease or disorder in which activity of the antigen isundesirable, comprising administering to a subject in need of treatmenta therapeutically effective amount of a monovalent antibody of theinvention, which antibody specifically binds said antigen, apharmaceutical composition comprising said antibody, immuno-conjugatecomprising said antibody, or a nucleic acid construct of the invention,such that the antigen activity in the subject is inhibited.

The present invention provides a method of treating cancer, a cellproliferative disorder, an (auto)immune disorder, an inflammationdisorder and/or an angiogenesis disorder, wherein said method comprisesadministering to a subject in need of treatment a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a monovalent antibody of the invention, apharmaceutical composition comprising said antibody, immuno-conjugatecomprising said antibody, or a nucleic acid construct of the invention,and wherein the antibody specifically binds a given target or targetepitope, where the binding of an antibody to said target or targetepitope is effective in treating said disease.

In one embodiment, such disease or disorder is a disease or disordertreatable by blocking or inhibiting a soluble antigen, whereinmultimerization (such as dimerization) of said antigen may formundesirable immune complexes, comprising administering to a subject inneed of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a monovalentantibody of the invention directed at said antigen, a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising said antibody, immunoconjugate comprising saidantibody, or a nucleic acid construct of the invention.

In one embodiment, such disease or disorder is a disease or disordertreatable by administration of an antibody against a certain target,wherein the involvement of immune system-mediated acitivities is notnecessary or is undesirable for achieving the effects of theadministration of the antibody, comprising administering to a subject inneed of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a monovalentantibody of the invention, which antibody specifically binds saidantigen, a pharmaceutical composition comprising said antibody,immuno-conjugate comprising said antibody, or a nucleic acid constructof the invention.

In one embodiment, such disease or disorder is a disease or disordertreatable by blocking or inhibiting a cell membrane bound receptor,wherein said receptor may be activated by dimerization of said receptor,comprising administering to a subject in need of treatment atherapeutically effective amount of a monovalent antibody of theinvention, which antibody specifically binds said receptor, apharmaceutical composition comprising said antibody, immunoconjugatecomprising said antibody, or a nucleic acid construct of the invention.

The scientific litterature is abundant with examples of targets, wherethe binding of antibodies against said target, or specific epitopes ofsaid target, is shown to have, or is expected to have, a therapeuticeffect. Given the teaching of this specification and as decribedelsewhere herein, it is within the skill of a person skilled in the artto determine, whether the use of a monovalent antibody, such as amonovalent antibody of the present invention, against such targets wouldbe expected to produce the therapeutic effect. In the following, severalexamples of such targets are given; however, these examples are notmeant to be construed as limiting for the scope of the invention.

A monovalent antibody of the invention, which antibody specificallybinds a soluble antigen, wherein multimerization (such as dimerization)of said antigen may form undesirable immune complexes for instanceresulting in aggregation, for instance where soluble antigens consistsof multiple identical subunits.

A monovalent antibody of the invention, which antibody specificallybinds a receptor, which may be activated by dimerization of saidreceptor, may for instance be directed at cmet, Fc∈RI, acetyl cholinereceptor, fas or fasL, TRAIL, or theVEGF receptor.

In one embodiment of the invention, the disease or disorder to betreated is treatable by interference with cell activation through FcαRI,by interference with FcαRI function, by inhibition of subsequent FcαRIactivated IgE mediated responses, or by binding of soluble FcαRI. In oneembodiment of the invention, the monovalent antibody is directed againstFcαRI and induces apoptosis of FcαRI expressing cells. In oneembodiment, such disease or disorder may for instance be allergic asthmaor other allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, seasonal/perennialallergies, hay fever, nasal allergies, atopic dermatitis, eczema, hives,urticaria, contact allergies, allergic conjunctivitis, ocular allergies,food and drug allergies, latex allergies, or insect allergies, or IgAnephropathy, such as IgA pemphigus. In one such embodiment, themonovalent antibody of the invention is directed at FcαRI. Suchmonovalent antibodies may also be used for in vitro or in vivo screeningfor FcαRI in sample or patient or in an immunotoxin or radiolabelapproach to treating these diseases and disorders.

In one embodiment of the invention, the disease or disorder to betreated is treatable by downregulating Fc receptor γ-chain mediatedsignaling through Fc∈R1 or Fcγ receptors. Monomeric binding of antibodyto FcαRI is known to effect such inhibition. Monovalent antibodies maythus be used to inhibit immune activation through a range of Fcreceptors including Fcγ, Fcα and Fc∈ receptors.

In one embodiment of the invention, the disease or disorder to betreated is treatable by inhibiting, killing and/or modulating activityand/or growth (for instance proliferation) of cells expressing CD25,though direct or indirect blocking of activated T cells or cellsexpressing CD25. In one embodiment, such disease or disorder may forinstance be

-   -   transplant rejection, including allograft and xenograft        rejection, in patients undergoing or who have undergone organ or        tissue transplantation, such as heart, lung, combined        heart-lung, trachea, kidney, liver, pancreas, oesophagus, bowel,        skin, limb, umbilical cord, stem cell, islet cell        transplantation, etc, wherein a monovalent antibody of the        invention may be used as prophylactics in allograft and        xenograft rejection, or be used to reverse, treat, or otherwise        ameliorate acute allograft or xenograft rejection episodes,    -   graft-versus-host disease, for instance blood transfusion        graft-versus-host disease and bone marrow graft-versus-host        disease,    -   inflammatory, immune or autoimmune diseases, such as 1 diabetes,        insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, systemic        lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, inflammatory bowel        disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis,        dermato-polymyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, arteritides, including        giant cell arteritis, aplastic anemia, asthma, scleroderma, and        uveitis,    -   inflammatory or hyperproliferative skin disorders, for instance        psoriasis, including plaque psoriasis, pustulosis palmoplantaris        (PPP), erosive lichen planus, pemphigus bullosa, epidermolysis        bullosa, contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis,    -   lymphoid neoplasms, for instance T cell leukemia, Hodgkin's        disease, hairy cell leukemia, or cutaneous T cell lymphoma,        including mycosis fungoides, and Sezary's syndrome,    -   malignancies, for instance gastric cancer, esophageal cancers,        malignant melanoma, colorectal cancer, pancreas cancer, breast        cancer, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer,        cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and renal cell carcinoma,    -   hematological disorders, such as adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma,        anaplastic large cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia        (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), peripheral T cell        lymphoma, and secondary amyloidosis,    -   skin disorders, such as pyoderma gangraenosum, granuloma        annulare, allergic contact dermatitis, cicatricial pemphigoid,        and herpes gestationis,    -   hepato-gastrointestinal disorders, such as collagen colitis,        sclerosing cholangitis, chronic active hepatitis, lupoid        hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, chronic        pancreatis, and acute pancreatitis,    -   cardiac disorders, such as myocarditis and pericarditis,    -   vascular disorders, such as arteriosclerosis, giant cell        arteritis/polymyalgia rheumatica, Takayasu arteritis,        polyarteritis nodosa, Kawasaki syndrome, Wegener's        granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss        syndrome, leukocytoclastic angiitis, and secondary        leukocytoclastic vasculitis,    -   renal disorders, such as acute glomerulonphritis, chronic        glomerulonephritis, minimal change nephritis, and Goodpasture's        syndrome,    -   pulmonary disorders, such as alveolitis, bronchiolitis        obliterans, silicosis, and berylliosis,    -   neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's        disease, myasthenia gravis, chronic demyelinating        polyneuropathy, and polyradiculitis including        Guillain-Barr-syndrome,I    -   connective tissue disorders, such as relapsing polychondritis,        sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, CNS lupus, discoid        lupus, lupus nephritis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and        fibromyalgia,    -   endocrinological disorders, such as Graves' disease, Hashimoto's        thyroiditis, and subacute thyroiditis, or    -   viral infections, such as HIV-1/AIDS and tropical spastic        paraparesis.

In one such embodiment, the monovalent antibody of the invention isdirected at CD25. Such monovalent antibodies may also be used for invitro or in vivo screening for CD25 in sample or patient or in animmunotoxin or radiolabel approach to treating these diseases anddisorders.

In one embodiment of the invention, the disease or disorder to betreated is treatable by antagonizing and/or inhibiting IL-15 or ID 5receptor functions. In one embodiment, such disease or disorder may forinstance be arthritides, gout, connective, neurological,gastrointestinal, hepatic, allergic, hematologic, skin, pulmonary,malignant, endocrinological, vascular, infectious, kidney, cardiac,circulatory, metabolic, bone, and muscle disorders. In one suchembodiment, the monovalent antibody of the invention is directed atIL-15. Such monovalent antibodies may also be used for in vitro or invivo screening for IL-15 in a sample or patient or in an immunotoxin orradiolabel approach to treating these diseases and disorders.

In one embodiment of the invention, the disease or disorder to betreated is treatable by preventing IL-8 binding to its receptor, or byblocking IL-8 function. In one embodiment, such disease or disorder mayfor instance be palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP), psoriasis, or other skindiseases,

-   -   inflammatory, autoimmune and immune disorders, such as psoriatic        arthritis, systemic scleroderma and sclerosis, inflammatory        bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, acute        lung injury, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome or        adult respiratory distress syndrome, meningitis, encephalitis,        uveitis, multiple myeloma, glomerulonephritis, nephritis,        asthma, atherosclerosis, leukocyte adhesion deficiency, multiple        sclerosis, Raynaud's syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome, juvenile        onset diabetes, Reiter's disease, Behcet's disease, immune        complex nephritis, IgA nephropathy, IgM polyneuropathies,        immune-mediated thrombocytopenias, such as acute idiopathic        thrombocytopenic purpura and chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic        purpura, hemolytic anemia, myasthenia gravis, lupus nephritis,        lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing        spodylitis, pemphigus, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis,        small vessel vasculitides, such as Wegener's granulomatosis,        Omen's syndrome, chronic renal failure, autoimmune thyroid        disease, acute infectious mononucleosis, HIV, herpes virus        associated diseases, human virus infections, such as common cold        as caused by human rhinovirus, coronavirus, other enterovirus,        herpes virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory        syncytial virus or adenovirus infection, bacteria pneumonia,        wounds, sepsis, cerebral stroke/cerebral edema,        ischaemia-reperfusion injury and hepatitis C,    -   alcoholic hepatitis and acute pancreatitis,    -   diseases involving IL-8 mediated angiogenesis, such as tumors        and cancers, for instance melanoma, thyroid carcinoma,        transitional cell carcinoma, trichilemmona, squamous cell        carcinoma and breast cancer.

In one such embodiment, the monovalent antibody of the invention isdirected at IL-8. Such monovalent antibodies may also be used for invitro or in vivo screening for IL-8 in a sample or patient or in animmunotoxin or radiolabel approach to treating these diseases anddisorders.

In one embodiment of the invention, the disease or disorder to betreated is treatable by interfering with CD20 activity, by depleting Bcells, interfering with B cell growth and/or proliferation through forinstance an immunotoxin or radiolabel approach. In one embodiment, suchdisease or disorder may for instance be rheumatoid arhritis,(auto)immune and inflammatory disorders (as described above for IL-8related diseases and disorders), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, B-CLL, lymphoidneoplasms, malignancies and hematological disorders, infectious diseasesand connective, neurological, gastrointestinal, hepatic, allergic,hematologic, skin, pulmonary, malignant, endocrinological, vascular,infectious, kidney, cardiac, circulatory, metabolic, bone and muscledisorders, and immune mediated cytopenia.

In one such embodiment, the monovalent antibody of the invention isdirected at CD20. Such monovalent antibodies may also be used for invitro or in vivo screening for CD20 in a sample or patient.

In one embodiment of the invention, the disease or disorder to betreated is treatable by interfering with CD38 activity, by depletingCD38 expressing cells, interfering with CD38⁺ cell growth and/orproliferation through for instance an immunotoxin or radiolabelapproach. In one embodiment, such disease or disorder may for instancebe

-   -   tumorigenic disorders, such as B cell lymphoma, plasma cell        malignancies, T/NK cell lymphoma and myeloid malignancies,    -   immune disorders in which CD38 expressing B cells, plasma cells,        monocytes and T cells are involved, such as autoimmune        disorders, such as psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, dermatitis,        systemic scleroderma and sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease        (IBD), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, respiratory distress        syndrome, meningitis, encephalitis, uveitis, glomerulonephritis,        eczema, asthma, atherosclerosis, leukocyte adhesion deficiency,        multiple sclerosis, Raynaud's syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome,        juvenile onset diabetes, Reiter's disease, Behget's disease,        immune complex nephritis, IgA nephropathy, IgM polyneuropathies,        immune-mediated thrombocytopenias, such as acute idiopathic        thrombocytopenic purpura and chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic        purpura, hemolytic anemia, myasthenia gravis, lupus nephritis,        systemic lupus erythematosus, disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis,        Wegener's granulomatosis, Omenn's syndrome, chronic renal        failure, acute infectious mononucleosis, HIV, and herpes virus        associated diseases,    -   acute respiratory distress syndrome and choreoretinitis,    -   diseases and disorders such as those caused by or mediated by        infection of B-cells with virus, such as Epstein-Barr virus        (EBV),    -   rheumatoid arthritis,    -   inflammatory, immune and/or autoimmune disorders in which        autoantibodies and/or excessive B and T lymphocyte activity are        prominent, such as vasculitides and other vessel disorders, such        as microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, and other        ANCA-associated vasculitides, polyarteritis nodosa, essential        cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis, cutaneous leukocytoclastic        angiitis, Kawasaki disease, Takayasu arteritis, giant cell        arthritis, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, primary or isolated        cerebral angiitis, erythema nodosum, thrombangiitis obliterans,        thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (including hemolytic uremic        syndrome), and secondary vasculitides, including cutaneous        leukocytoclastic vasculitis (e.g., secondary to hepatitis B,        hepatitis C, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, B-cell neoplasias,        rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, or systemic lupus        erythematosus); further examples are erythema nodosum, allergic        vasculitis, panniculitis, Weber-Christian disease, purpura        hyperglobulinaemica, and Buerger's disease,    -   skin disorders, such as contact dermatitis, linear IgA        dermatosis, vitiligo, pyoderma gangrenosum, epidermolysis        bullosa acquisita, pemphigus vulgaris (including cicatricial        pemphigoid and bullous pemphigoid), alopecia areata (including        alopecia universalis and alopecia totalis), dermatitis        herpetiformis, erythema multiforme, and chronic autoimmune        urticaria (including angioneurotic edema and urticarial        vasculitis),    -   immune-mediated cytopenias, such as autoimmune neutropenia, and        pure red cell aplasia,    -   connective tissue disorders, such as CNS lupus, discoid lupus        erythematosus, CREST syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease,        polymyositis/dermatomyositis, inclusion body myositis, secondary        amyloidosis, cryoglobulinemia type I and type II, fibromyalgia,        phospholipid antibody syndrome, secondary hemophilia, relapsing        polychondritis, sarcoidosis, stiff man syndrome, and rheumatic        fever; a further example is eosinophil fasciitis,    -   arthritides, such as ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile chronic        arthritis, adult Still's disease, and SAPHO syndrome; further        examples are sacroileitis, reactive arthritis, Still's disease,        and gout,    -   hematologic disorders, such as aplastic anemia, primary        hemolytic anemia (including cold agglutinin syndrome), hemolytic        anemia secondary to CLL or systemic lupus erythematosus; POEMS        syndrome, pernicious anemia, and Waldemstrom's purpura        hyperglobulinaemica; further examples are agranulocytosis,        autoimmune neutropenia, Franklin's disease, Seligmann's disease,        -chain disease, paraneoplastic syndrome secondary to thymoma and        lymphomas, and factor VIII inhibitor formation,    -   endocrinopathies, such as polyendocrinopathy, and Addison's        disease; further examples are autoimmune hypoglycemia,        autoimmune hypothyroidism, autoimmune insulin syndrome, de        Quervain's thyroiditis, and insulin receptor antibody-mediated        insulin resistance;

hepato-gastrointestinal disorders, such as celiac disease, Whipple'sdisease, primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, andprimary sclerosing cholangiitis; a further example is autoimmunegastritis,

-   -   nephropathies, such as rapid progressive glomerulonephritis,        post-streptococcal nephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, membranous        glomerulonephritis, and cryoglobulinemic nephritis; a further        example is minimal change disease,    -   neurological disorders, such as autoimmune neuropathies,        mononeuritis multiplex, Lambert-Eaton's myasthenic syndrome,        Sydenham's chorea, tabes dorsalis, and Guillain-Barré's        syndrome; further examples are myelopathy/tropical spastic        paraparesis, myasthenia gravis, acute inflammatory demyelinating        polyneuropathy, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating        polyneuropathy; multiple sclerosis, HIV-induced dementia.    -   cardiac and pulmonary disorders, such as COPD, fibrosing        alveolitis, bronchiolitis obliterans, allergic aspergillosis,        cystic fibrosis, Löther's syndrome, myocarditis, and        pericarditis; further examples are hypersensitivity pneumonitis,        and paraneoplastic syndrome secondary to lung cancer,    -   allergic disorders, such as bronchial asthma and hyper-IgE        syndrome; a further example is amaurosis fugax,    -   ophthalmologic disorders, such as idiopathic chorioretinitis,    -   infectious diseases, such as parvovirus B infection (including        hands-and-socks syndrome),    -   gynecological-obstretical disorders, such as recurrent abortion,        recurrent fetal loss, and intrauterine growth retardation; a        further example is paraneoplastic syndrome secondary to        gynaecological neoplasms,    -   male reproductive disorders, such as paraneoplastic syndrome        secondary to testicular neoplasms; and    -   transplantation-derived disorders, such as allograft and        xenograft rejection, and graft-versus-host disease.

In one such embodiment, the monovalent antibody of the invention isdirected at CD38. Such monovalent antibodies may also be used for invitro or in vivo screening for CD38 in a sample or patient.

In one embodiment of the invention, the disease or disorder to betreated is treatable by blocking ligand-EGFr interaction, blocking EGFrfunction, depletion of EGFr expressing cells/interference with EGFr+cellgrowth and/or proliferation through for instance an immunotoxin orradiolabel approach. In one embodiment, such disease or disorder may forinstance be

-   -   cancers (over)expressing EGFr, such as bladder, breast, colon,        kidney, ovarian, prostate, renal cell, squamous cell, lung        (non-small cell), and head and neck cancer, and glioma,    -   other EGFr related diseases, such as autoimmune diseases,        psoriasis, inflammatory arthritis.

In one such embodiment, the monovalent antibody of the invention isdirected at EGFr. Such monovalent antibodies may also be used for invitro or in vivo screening for EGFr in a sample or patient.

In one embodiment of the invention, the disease or disorder to betreated is treatable by interfering with CD4 function, depletion of CD4expressing cells/interference with CD4+ cell growth and/or proliferationthrough for instance an immunotoxin or radiolabel approach. In oneembodiment, such disease or disorder may for instance be rheumatoidarhritis, (auto)immune and inflammatory disorders (as described abovefor IL-8 related diseases and disorders), cutaneous T cell lymphomas,non-cutaneous T cell lymphomas, lymphoid neoplasms, malignancies andhematological disorders, infectious diseases, and connective,neurological, gastrointestinal, hepatic, allergic, hematologic, skin,pulmonary, malignant, endocrinological, vascular, infectious, kidney,cardiac, circulatory, metabolic, bone, and muscle disorders, and immunemediated cytopenia.

In one such embodiment, the monovalent antibody of the invention isdirected at CD4. Such monovalent antibodies may also be used for invitro or in vivo screening for CD4 in a sample or patient.

In one embodiment of the invention, a monovalent antibody directed atCD4 is used for treatment of HIV infection, or for the treatment ofAIDS.

In one embodiment of the invention, the monovalent antibodies of theinvention are monovalent antibodies of the CD4 antibodies disclosed inWO97/13852.

In one embodiment of the invention, the disease or disorder to betreated is treatable by antagonizing and/or inhibiting CD28 functions,such as preventing of co-stimulatory signals needed in T cellactivation. In one embodiment, such disease or disorder may for instancebe an inflammatory, autoimmune and immune disorder as indicated above.In one such embodiment, the monovalent antibody of the invention isdirected at CD28.

In one embodiment of the invention, the disease or disorder to betreated is treatable by altering Tissue Factor functions, such asaltering coagulation or inhibition of tissue factor signalling. In oneembodiment, such disease or disorder may for instance be vasculardiseases, such as myocardial vascular disease, cerebral vasculardisease, retinopathia and macular degeneration, and inflammatorydisorders as indicated above.

In one embodiment of the invention, the monovalent antibodies aredirected at Tissue factor, or at a complex of Factor VII and TissueFactor.

In one embodiment of the invention, the disease or disorder to betreated is treatable by interfering with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)infection. In one such embodiment, the monovalent antibody of theinvention is directed at HCV or an HCV receptor such as CD81.

In one embodiment of the invention, the monovalent antibody is amonovalent antibody according to the invention of an antibody asdisclosed in WO2000/05266.

In one embodiment of the invention, the disease or disorder to betreated is treatable by prevention of binding of allergen toIgE-sensitized on mast cell. In one embodiment, such disease or disordermay for instance be allergen-immunotherapy of allergic diseases such asasthma, allergic rhinitis, seasonal/perennial allergies, hay fever,nasal allergies, atopic dermatitis, eczema, hives, urticaria, contactallergies, allergic conjunctivitis, ocular allergies, food and drugallergies, latex allergies, and insect allergies.

In one such embodiment, the monovalent antibody(s) of the invention areIgG4 hingeless antibodies directed towards allergen(s).

In certain embodiments, an immunoconjugate comprising a monovalentantibody conjugated with a cytotoxic agent is administered to thepatient. In some embodiments, the immunoconjugate and/or antigen towhich it is bound is/are internalized by the cell, resulting inincreased therapeutic efficacy of the immunoconjugate in killing thetarget cell to which it binds. In one embodiment, the cytotoxic agenttargets or interferes with nucleic acid in the target cell.

Examples of such cytotoxic agents include any of the chemotherapeuticagents noted herein (such as a maytansinoid or a calicheamicin), aradioactive isotope, or a ribonuclease or a DNA endonuclease.

In one embodiment, the antigen is a human protein molecule and thesubject is a human subject. In one embodiment, the subject may be anon-human mammal expressing the antigen with which an antibody of theinvention binds. In one embodiment, the subject may be a mammal intowhich the antigen has been introduced (for instance by administration ofthe antigen or by expression of an, antigen transgene). Moreover, amonovalent antibody of the invention may be administered to a non-humanmammal expressing an antigen with which the immunoglobulin cross-reacts(for instance a primate, pig or mouse) for veterinary purposes or as ananimal model of human disease. Regarding the latter, such animal modelsmay be useful for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of antibodies ofthe invention (for instance testing of dosages and time courses ofadministration).

Monovalent antibodies of the invention may be used either alone or incombination with other compositions in a therapy. For instance, amonovalent antibody of the invention may be co-administered with one ormore other antibodies, such as monovalent antibodies of the presentinvention, one or more chemotherapeutic agent(s) (including cocktails ofchemotherapeutic agents), one or more other cytotoxic agent(s), one ormore anti-angiogenic agent(s), one or more cytokines, one or more growthinhibitory agent(s), one or more anti-inflammatory agent(s), one or moredisease modifying antirheumatic drug(s) (DMARD), or one or moreimmunosuppressive agent(s), depending on the disease or condition to betreated. Where a monovalent antibody of the invention inhibits tumorgrowth, it may be particularly desirable to combine it with one or moreother therapeutic agent(s) which also inhibits tumor growth. Forinstance, anti-VEGF antibodies blocking VEGF activities may be combinedwith anti-ErbB antibodies (for instance Trastuzumab (Herceptin), ananti-HER2 antibody) in a treatment of metastatic breast cancer.Alternatively, or additionally, the patient may receive combinedradiation therapy (for instance external beam irradiation or therapywith a radioactive labeled agent, such as an antibody). Such combinedtherapies noted above include combined administration (where the two ormore agents are included in the same or separate formulations), andseparate administration, in which case, administration of the antibodyof the invention may occur prior to, and/or following, administration ofthe adjunct therapy or therapies.

In one embodiment, the monovalent antibody of the invention is amonovalent form of Trastuzumab, for treatment of Her2 positive cancer.

A monovalent antibody composition of the invention may be formulated,dosed, and administered in a fashion consistent with good medicalpractice. Factors for consideration in this context include theparticular disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated,the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of thedisorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method ofadministration, the scheduling of administration, and other factorsknown to medical practitioners. In one embodiment, the monovalentantibody may be formulated with one or more agents currently used toprevent or treat the disorder in question. The effective amount of suchother agents depends on the amount of monovalent antibodies of theinvention present in the formulation, the type of disorder or treatment,and other factors discussed above.

The monovalent antibody of the invention (and adjunct therapeutic agent)may be administered by any suitable means, including parenteral,subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intrapulmonary, and intranasal, and, ifdesired for local treatment, intralesional administration. Parenteralinfusions include intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial,intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous administration. In addition, themonovalent antibody may be suitably administered by pulse infusion,particularly with declining doses of the monovalent antibody. Dosing maybe by any suitable route, for instance by injections, such asintravenous or subcutaneous injections, depending in part on whether theadministration is brief or chronic.

For the prevention or treatment of disease, the appropriate dosage of amonovalent antibody of the invention (when used alone or in combinationwith other agents such as chemotherapeutic agents) will depend on thetype of disease to be treated, the type of antibody, the severity andcourse of the disease, whether the monovalent antibody is administeredfor preventive, therapeutic or diagnostic purposes, previous therapy,the patient's clinical history and response to the antibody, and thediscretion of the attending physician. The monovalent antibody may besuitably administered to the patient at one time or over a series oftreatments.

Such dosages may be administered intermittently, for instance every weekor every three weeks (for instance such that the patient receives fromabout two to about twenty, for instance about six doses of themonovalent antibody). An initial higher loading dose, followed by one ormore lower doses may be administered. An exemplary dosing regimencomprises administering an initial loading dose of about 4 mg/kg,followed by a weekly maintenance dose of about 2 mg/kg of the monovalentantibody. However, other dosage regimens may be useful. In oneembodiment, the monovalent antibodies of the invention are administeredin a weekly dosage of from 50 mg to 4000 mg, for instance of from 250 mgto 2000 mg, such as for example 300 mg, 500 mg, 700 mg, 1000 mg, 1500 mgor 2000 mg, for up to 8 times, such as from 4 to 6 times. The weeklydosage may be divided into two or three subdosages and administered overmore than one day. For example, a dosage of 300 mg may be administeredover 2 days with 100 mg on day one (1), and 200 mg on day two (2). Adosage of 500 mg may be administered over 3 days with 100 mg on day one(1), 200 mg on day two (2), and 200 mg on day three (3), and a dosage of700 mg may be administered over 3 days with 100 mg on day 1 (one), 300mg on day 2 (two), and 300 mg on day 3 (three).The regimen may berepeated one or more times as necessary, for example, after 6 months or12 months.

The dosage may be determined or adjusted by measuring the amount ofcirculating monovalent antibodies of the invention upon administrationin a biological sample for instance by using anti-idiotypic antibodieswhich target said monovalent antibodies.

In one embodiment, the monovalent antibodies of the invention may beadministered by maintenance therapy, such as, for instance once a weekfor a period of 6 months or more.

In one embodiment, the monovalent antibodies of the invention may beadministered by a regimen including one infusion of a monovalentantibody of the invention followed by an infusion of same monovalentantibody conjugated to a radioisotope. The regimen may be repeated, forinstance 7 to 9 days later.

The progress of this therapy may be monitored by conventional techniquesand assays.

The invention provides an article of manufacture containing materialsuseful for the treatment, prevention and/or diagnosis of the disordersdescribed above. An article of manufacture of the present inventioncomprises a container and a label or package insert on or associatedwith the container. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles,vials, syringes, etc. The containers may be formed from a variety ofmaterials such as glass or plastic. The container holds a compositionwhich is by itself or when combined with other compositions effectivefor treating, preventing and/or diagnosing the condition and may have asterile access port (for example the container may be an intravenoussolution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermicinjection needle). At least one active agent in the composition is amonovalent antibody of the invention. The label or package insertindicates that the composition is used for treating the condition ofchoice, for instance cancer. Moreover, the article of manufacture maycomprise (a) a first container with a composition contained therein,wherein the composition comprises a monovalent antibody of theinvention; and (b) a second container with a composition containedtherein, wherein the composition comprises a further cytotoxic agent.The article of manufacture in this embodiment of the invention mayfurther comprise a package insert indicating that the first and secondcomposition may be used to treat a particular condition, for instancecancer. Alternatively, or additionally, the article of manufacture mayfurther comprise a second (or third) container comprising apharmaceutically-acceptable buffer, such as bacteriostatic water forinjection (BWFI), phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solution anddextrose solution. It may further include other materials desirable froma commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents,filters, needles, and syringes.

Also within the scope of the present invention are kits comprisingpharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprising one or moremonovalent antibodies of the invention and instructions for use. The kitmay further comprise one or more additional agents, such as animmunosuppressive reagent, a cytotoxic agent or a radiotoxic agent,depending on the disease or disorder to be treated, or one or moreadditional monovalent antibodies of the invention (for instance amonovalent antibody having a complementary activity).

In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for detecting thepresence of the specific antigen to which the monovalent antibody binds,in a sample, or measuring the amount of said specific antigen,comprising contacting the sample, and a control sample, with amonovalent antibody, which specifically binds to said antigen, underconditions that allow for formation of a complex between the antibody orportion thereof and said antigen. The formation of a complex is thendetected, wherein a difference complex formation between the samplecompared to the control sample is indicative the presence of saidantigen in the sample.

In one embodiment, monovalent antibodies of the invention may be used todetect levels of circulating specific antigen to which the monovalentantibody binds, or levels of cells which contain said specific antigen,on their membrane surface, which levels may then be linked to certaindisease symptoms. Alternatively, the antibodies may be used to depleteor interact with the function of cells expressing said antigen, therebyimplicating these cells as important mediators of the disease. This maybe achieved by contacting a sample and a control sample with themonovalent antibody under conditions that allow for the formation of acomplex between the antibody and said specific antigen. Any complexesformed between the antibody and said antigen are detected and comparedin the sample and the control.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for detecting thepresence or quantifying, in vivo or in vitro, the amount of cellsexpressing the specific antigen to which the monovalent antibody binds.The method comprises (i) administering to a subject a monovalentantibody of the invention conjugated to a detectable marker; (ii)exposing the subject to a means for detecting said detectable marker toidentify areas containing cells expressing said antigen.

In one embodiment, monovalent antibodies of the invention may be used totarget compounds (for instance therapeutic agents, labels, cytotoxins,radiotoxins immunosuppressants, etc.) to cells which have the specificantigen to which the monovalent antibody binds, expressed on theirsurface by linking such compounds to the monovalent antibody. Thus, theinvention also provides methods for localizing ex vivo or in vitro cellsexpressing said antigen, such as Reed-Sternberg cells (for instance witha detectable label, such as a radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, anenzyme, or an enzyme co-factor).

The following is a list of selected embodiments of the presentinvention.

Embodiment 1: A method for producing a monovalent antibody, said methodcomprising

-   -   i) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the light chain        of said monovalent antibody, said construct comprising a        nucleotide sequence encoding the V_(L) region of a selected        antigen specific antibody and nucleotide sequence encoding the        constant C_(L) region of an Ig, wherein said nucleotide sequence        encoding the V_(L) region of a selected antigen specific        antibody and said nucleotide sequence encoding the C_(L) region        of an Ig are operably linked together, and wherein, in case of        an IgG1 subtype, the nucleotide sequence encoding the C_(L)        region has been modified such that the C_(L) region does not        contain any amino acids capable of forming disulfide bonds or        covalently bind with other peptides comprising an identical        amino acid sequence of the C_(L) region;    -   ii) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the heavy chain        of said monovalent antibody, said construct comprising a        nucleotide sequence encoding the V_(H) region of a selected        antigen specific antibody and a nucleotide sequence encoding a        constant C_(H) region of a human Ig wherein the nucleotide        sequence encoding the C_(H) region has been modified such that        the region corresponding to the hinge region and, as required by        the Ig subtype, other regions of the C_(H) region, such as the        C_(H)3 region, does not comprise any amino acid residues which        participate in the formation of disulphide bonds or covalent or        non-covalent inter-heavy chain bonds with other peptides        comprising an identical amino acid sequence of the C_(H) region        of the human Ig, wherein said nucleotide sequence encoding the        V_(H) region of a selected antigen specific antibody and said        nucleotide sequence encoding the C_(H) region of said Ig are        operably linked together;    -   iii) providing a cell expression system for the producing said        antibody;    -   iv) producing said monovalent antibody by co-expressing the        nucleic acid constructs of (i) and (ii) in cells of the cell        expression system of (iii).

Embodiment 2: A method according to embodiment 1, wherein the human Igis an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 or IgA or IgD antibody, such as an IgG1,IgG2 or IgG4 antibody.

Embodiment 3: A method according to embodiment 1, wherein the human Igis an IgG1 having the amino acid C_(H) region as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19, wherein the C_(H)3 region has been modified so that one or more ofthe following amino acid substitutions have been made: Arg (R) inposition 238 has been replaced by Gln (Q); Asp (D) in position 239 hasbeen replaced by Glu (E); Lys (K) in position 292 has been replaced byArg (R); Gln (Q) in position 302 has been replaced by Glu (E); and Pro(P) in position 328 has been replaced by Leu (L).

Embodiment 4: A method according to embodiment 3, wherein Arg (R) inposition 238 has been replaced by Gln (Q).

Embodiment 5: A method according to embodiment 3, wherein Arg (R) inposition 238 has been replaced by Gln (Q), and Pro (P) in position 328has been replaced by Leu (L).

Embodiment 6: A method according to embodiment 3, wherein all fivesubstitutions have been made.

Embodiment 7: A method according to embodiment 1 or 3, wherein the humanIg is an IgG1, and the C_(L) region is a kappa light chain C_(L) havingthe amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18, wherein the C_(L)region has been modified so that the terminal cysteine residue inposition 106 has been replaced with another amino acid residue ordeleted. In one embodiment it has been deleted.

Embodiment 8: A method according to embodiment 1 or 3, wherein the humanIg is an IgG1, and the C_(L) region is a lambda light chain C_(L) havingthe amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein the C_(L)region has been modified so that the cysteine residue in position 104has been replaced with another amino acid residue or deleted. In oneembodiment it has been deleted.

Embodiment 9: A method according to embodiment 1, 3, 7 or 8, wherein thehuman Ig is an IgG1 having the amino acid C_(H) region as set forth inSEQ ID NO: 19, wherein the C_(H)1 region has been modified so that Ser(S) in position 14 has been replaced by a cysteine residue.

Embodiment 10: A method according to embodiment 1, wherein the human Igis an IgG2 having the amino acid C_(H) region as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20, wherein the C_(H)3 region has been modified so that one or more ofthe of the following amino acid substitutions have been made: Arg (R) inposition 234 has been replaced by Gln (Q); Met (M) in position 276 hasbeen replaced by Val (V); Lys (K) in position 288 has been replaced byArg (R); Gln (Q) in position 298 has been replaced by Glu (E); and Pro(P) in position 324 has been replaced by Leu (L).

Embodiment 11: A method according to embodiment 10, wherein Arg (R) inposition 234 has been replaced by Gln (Q).

Embodiment 12: A method according to embodiment 10, wherein Arg (R) inposition 234 has been replaced by Gln (Q); and Pro (P) in position 324has been replaced by Leu (L).

Embodiment 13: A method according to embodiment 10, wherein all fivesubstitutions have been made.

Embodiment 14: A method according to embodiment 1, wherein the human Igis an IgG3 having the amino acid C_(H) region as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21, wherein the C_(H)3 region has been modified so that one or more ofthe of the following amino acid substitutions have been made: Arg (R) inposition 285 has been replaced by Gln (Q); Ser (S) in position 314 hasbeen replaced by Asn (N); Asn (N) in position 322 has been replaced byLys (K); Met (M) in position 327 has been replaced by Val (V); Lys (K)in position 339 has been replaced by Arg (R); Gln (Q) in position 349has been replaced by Glu (E); Ile (I) in position 352 has been replacedby Val (V); Arg (R) in position 365 has been replaced by His (H); Phe(F) in position 366 has been replaced by Tyr (Y); and Pro (P) inposition 375 has been replaced by Leu (L).

Embodiment 15: A method according to embodiment 14, wherein Arg (R) inposition 285 has been replaced by Gln (Q).

Embodiment 16: A method according to embodiment 14, wherein Arg (R) inposition 285 has been replaced by Gln (Q); and Pro (P) in position 375has been replaced by Leu (L).

Embodiment 17: A method according to embodiment 14, wherein all 10substitutions have been made.

Embodiment 18: A method for producing a monovalent antibody, said methodcomprising

-   -   i) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the light chain        of said monovalent antibody, said construct comprising a        nucleotide sequence encoding the V_(L) region of a selected        antigen specific antibody and nucleic sequence encoding the        constant (C_(L)) region of an Ig, wherein said nucleotide        sequence encoding the V_(L) region of a selected antigen        specific antibody and said nucleic sequence encoding the C_(L)        region of an Ig are operably linked together;    -   ii) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the heavy chain        of said monovalent antibody, said construct comprising a        nucleotide sequence encoding the V_(H) region of a selected        antigen specific antibody and nucleic acid encoding a C_(H)        region of a human IgG4 wherein the nucleic acid sequence        encoding the heavy chain has been modified such that the region        corresponding to the hinge region of the heavy chain does not        comprise any amino acid residues capable of participating in the        formation of disulphide bonds with other peptides comprising an        identical amino acid sequence of the constant (C_(H)) region of        human IgG4, wherein said nucleic acid encoding the V_(H) region        of a selected antigen specific antibody and said nucleic acid        encoding the C_(H) region of IgG4 are operably linked together;    -   iii) providing a cell expression system for the producing said        antibody;    -   iv) producing said monovalent antibody by co-expressing the        nucleic acid constructs of (i) and (ii) in cells of the cell        expression system of (iii).

Embodiment 19: A method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 18,wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the heavy chain has beenmodified such that the region corresponding to the hinge region of theheavy chain does not comprise any cysteine residues.

Embodiment 20: A method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 19,wherein the monovalent antibody produced is a human antibody.

Embodiment 21: A method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 20,wherein the monovalent antibody produced does not bind to the syntheticantigen (Tyr, Glu)-Ala-Lys.

Embodiment 22: A method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 21,wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the heavy chain has beenmodified such that at least one of the amino acid residues of the regioncorresponding to the hinge region, including any cysteine residues, havebeen deleted and/or substituted with other amino acid residues.

Embodiment 23: A method according to embodiment 22, wherein the nucleicacid sequence encoding the heavy chain has been modified such that thecysteine residues of the hinge region have been substituted with aminoacid residues that have an uncharged polar side chain, or a non polarside chain.

Embodiment 24: A method according to embodiment 22 or 23, wherein theamino acids with uncharged polar side chains are independently selectedfrom glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine,tryptophan, and the amino acid with the nonpolar side chain areindependently selected from alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine,proline, phenylalanine, methionine.

Embodiment 25: A method according to embodiment 22, wherein the nucleicacid sequence encoding the heavy chain has been modified such that theheavy chain comprises a IgG4 C_(H) region, wherein the amino acidscorresponding to amino acids 106 and 109 of the sequence of SEQ ID No:14 have been deleted.

Embodiment 26: A method according to embodiment 22 or embodiment 25,wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the heavy chain has beenmodified such that the heavy chain comprises a IgG4 C_(H) region,wherein at least the amino acid residues corresponding to amino acidresidues 106 to 109 of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 14 has been deleted.

Embodiment 27: A method according to any of embodiments 22 to 26,wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the heavy chain has beenmodified such that the heavy chain comprises a C_(H) region, wherein atleast the amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 99 to110 of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 14 has been deleted.

Embodiment 28: A method according to any of embodiments 22 to 27,wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the heavy chain has beenmodified such that the entire hinge region has been deleted.

Embodiment 29: A method according to any of embodiments 1 to 28, whereinthe nucleic acid construct encoding the heavy chain of said monovalentantibody comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a C_(H) region of ahuman IgG4, wherein at least one nucleotide of the splice donor site ofthe nucleic acid sequence encoding the hinge region has been substitutedwith another nucleotide.

Embodiment 30: A method according to embodiment 29, wherein the nucleicacid construct encoding the heavy chain of said monovalent antibodycomprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a C_(H) region of a human IgG4,wherein the nucleotides corresponding to the nucleotides in position 714and 722 of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 13 has been substituted with anucleotide different than the nucleotide present at that position in SEQID No: 13.

Embodiment 31: A method according to embodiment 30, wherein the nucleicacid construct encoding the heavy chain of said monovalent antibodycomprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a C_(H) region of a human IgG4comprising a sequence of SEQ ID No: 13, wherein nucleotides 714 and 722of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 13 has been substituted with a nucleotidedifferent than the nucleotide present at that position in SEQ ID No: 13.

Embodiment 32: A method according to embodiment 31, wherein the nucleicacid construct encoding the heavy chain of said monovalent antibodycomprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No: 15.

Embodiment 33: A method according to embodiment 22, wherein the nucleicacid sequence encoding the heavy chain has been modified such that theheavy chain comprises a C_(H) region, wherein the amino acid residuescorresponding to amino acid residues 106 and 109 of the sequence of SEQID No: 14 has been substituted with amino acid residues different fromcysteine.

Embodiment 34: A method according to any of embodiments 29 to 33,wherein the substituted nucleotides of the nucleic acid sequenceencoding the hinge region of the C_(H) region are substituted by usingsite-directed mutagenesis.

Embodiment 35: A method according to any of embodiments 1 to 34, whereinthe nucleic acid construct encoding the light chain of said monovalentantibody comprises a sequence encoding the C_(L) region of the kappachain of human IgG.

Embodiment 36: A method according to embodiment 35, wherein the nucleicacid construct comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No: 1.

Embodiment 37: A method according to any of embodiments 1 to 34, whereinthe nucleic acid construct encoding the light chain of said monovalentantibody comprises a sequence encoding the C_(L) region of the lambdachain of human IgG.

Embodiment 38: A method according to embodiment 37, wherein the nucleicacid construct comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No: 3.

Embodiment 39: A method according to any of embodiments 1 to 38, whereinthe nucleic acid constructs are DNA constructs.

Embodiment 40: A method according to any of embodiments 1 to 39, whereinthe nucleic acid construct of (i), (ii), (iii) and/or (iv) is aprokaryotic expression vector.

Embodiment 41: A method according to any of embodiments 1 to 40, whereinthe cell expression system is a prokaryotic cell expression system.

Embodiment 42: A method according to embodiment 41, wherein theprokaryotic cell expression system comprises E. coli cells.

Embodiment 43: A method according to embodiment 42, wherein the E. colicells are of a strain deficient in endogenous protease activities.

Embodiment 44: A method according to any of embodiments 1 to 39, whereinthe nucleic acid construct of (i), (ii), (iii) and/or (iv) is aeukaryotic expression vector.

Embodiment 45: A method according to embodiment 44, wherein the cellexpression system is a eukaryotic cell expression system.

Embodiment 46: A method according to embodiment 45, wherein the cellexpression system is a mammalian cell expression system.

Embodiment 47: A method according to embodiment 46, wherein themammalian cell expression system comprises CHO cells.

Embodiment 48: A method according to embodiment 46, wherein themammalian cell expression system comprises HEK-293F cells.

Embodiment 49: A method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 39,wherein I and II of the expression system comprises DNA constructssuitable for gene therapy.

Embodiment 50: A method according to any one of embodiments 1-39,wherein I and II of the expression system are viral constructs suitablefor gene therapy.

Embodiment 51: A method according to any one of embodiments 1-39,wherein Ill of the mammalian cell expression system are human cellscomprising I and II, and which are suitable for implantation into apatient in need of therapy with the monovalent antibody produced.

Embodiment 52: A method according to any one of embodiment 51, whereinthe human cells are derived from the patient.

Embodiment 53: A method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 51,wherein the monovalent antibody produced is for pharmaceutical use.

Embodiment 53a: A method according to any one of embodiments 1-53,wherein the nucleic acid constructs of i) and ii) are in the sameplasmid.

Embodiment 53b: A method according to any one of embodiments 1-53,wherein the antibody is produced in two different cell lines, and theantibody is assembled after expression in vitro.

Embodiment 54: A monovalent antibody obtained by use of a methodaccording to any of embodiments 1 to 50 and 53.

Embodiment 55: A monovalent antibody obtainable by use of a methodaccording to any of embodiments 1 to 50 and 53.

Embodiment 56: A monovalent antibody comprising a light chain and aheavy chain, wherein

-   -   a) said light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of the        variable (V_(L)) region of a selected antigen specific antibody        and the amino acid sequence of the constant (C_(L)) region of an        Ig, and wherein, in case of an IgG1 subtype, the amino sequence        of the constant (C_(L)) region has been modified so that it does        not contain any amino acids capable of participating in the        formation of disulfide bonds or covalent bonds with other        peptides comprising an identical amino acid sequence of the        constant (C_(L)) region of the Ig, and    -   b) said heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of the        variable (V_(H)) region of said selected antigen specific        antibody and the amino acid sequence of the constant (C_(H))        region of human Ig, wherein the amino acid sequence of the        constant (C_(H)) region has been modified so that the hinge        region and, as required by the Ig subtype, other regions of the        C_(H) region, such as the C_(H)3 region, does not contain any        amino acid residues which participate in the formation of        disulphide bonds or covalent or non-covalent inter-heavy chain        bonds with other peptides comprising an identical amino acid        sequence of the constant (C_(H)) region of the human Ig.

Embodiment 57. A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 56, whereinthe human Ig is an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 or IgGA antibody, such as anIgG1, IgG2 or IgG4 antibody.

Embodiment 58: A monovalent antibody comprising a light chain and aheavy chain, wherein

-   -   a) said light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of the        variable (V_(L)) region of a selected antigen specific antibody        and the amino acid sequence of the constant (C_(L)) region of an        Ig, and    -   b) said heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of the        variable (V_(H)) region of said selected antigen specific        antibody and the amino acid sequence of the constant (C_(H))        region of human IgG4, wherein the amino acid sequence of the        heavy chain has been modified such that none of any amino acid        residues present in the region corresponding to the hinge region        are capable of participating in the formation of disulphide        bonds with other peptides comprising an identical amino acid        sequence of the constant (C_(H)) region of human IgG4.

Embodiment 59: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 54 to 58,wherein the C_(L) region is the constant region of the kappa light chainof human IgG.

Embodiment 60: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 59, whereinthe C_(L) region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No: 2.

Embodiment 61: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 54 to 58,wherein the C_(L) region is the constant region of the lambda lightchain of human IgG.

Embodiment 62: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 61, whereinthe C_(L) region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No: 4.

Embodiment 63: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 62, wherein the light chain and the heavy chain are connected to eachother via one or more disulphide bond.

Embodiment 64: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 63, wherein the light chain and the heavy chain are connected to eachother via an amide bond.

Embodiment 65: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 64, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain has beenmodified such that the region corresponding to the hinge region does notcomprise any cysteine residues.

Embodiment 66: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 65, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain has beenmodified such that at least one of the amino acid residues of the regioncorresponding to the hinge region, including any cysteine residues, havebeen deleted and/or substituted with other amino acid residues.

Embodiment 67: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 66, wherein the cysteine residues of the hinge region are substitutedwith amino acid residues that have an uncharged polar side chain, or anon polar side chain.

Embodiment 68: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 67, whereinthe amino acids with uncharged polar side chains are independentlyselcected from glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine,tyrosine, tryptophan, and the amino acids with the nonpolar side chainare independently selected from alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine,proline, phenylalanine, methionine.

Embodiment 69: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 68, whereinthe amino acid sequence of the heavy chain has been modified such thatthe heavy chain comprises a C_(H) region, wherein the amino acidscorresponding to amino acids 106 and 109 of the sequence of SEQ ID No:14 have been deleted.

Embodiment 70: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 66 orembodiment 69, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain hasbeen modified such that the heavy chain comprises a IgG4 C_(H) region,wherein at least the amino acid residues corresponding to amino acidresidues 106 to 109 of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 14 has been deleted.

Embodiment 71: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 66to 70, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain has beenmodified such that the heavy chain comprises a IgG4 C_(H) region,wherein at least the amino acid residues corresponding to amino acidresidues 99 to 110 of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 14 has been deleted.

Embodiment 72: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 66to 71, wherein the entire hinge region has been deleted. Embodiment 73:A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 66 to 72, whereinthe heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No: 16.

Embodiment 74: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 66, whereinthe amino acid sequence of the heavy chain has been modified such thatthe heavy chain comprises a IgG4 C_(H) region, wherein the amino acidresidues corresponding to amino acid residues 106 and 109 of thesequence of SEQ ID No: 14 has been substituted with amino acid residuesdifferent from cysteine.

Embodiment 75: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 66, whereinthe amino acid sequence of the heavy chain has been modified such thatthe heavy chain comprises a C_(H) region, wherein one of the amino acidresidues corresponding to amino acid residues 106 and 109 of thesequence of SEQ ID No: 14 has been substituted with an amino acidresidue different from cysteine, such as an amino acid residue disclosedin embodiment 67 or 68, and the other of the amino acid residuescorresponding to amino acid residues 106 and 109 of the sequence of SEQID No: 14 has been deleted.

Embodiment 76: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 75, whereinthe amino acid residue corresponding to amino acid residues 106 has beensubstituted with an amino acid residue that is different from cysteine,such as an amino acid residue disclosed in embodiment 67 or 68, andwherein the amino acid residue corresponding to amino acid residues 109has been deleted.

Embodiment 77: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 75, whereinthe amino acid residue corresponding to amino acid residues 106 has beendeleted, and the amino acid residue corresponding to amino acid residues109 has been substituted with an amino acid residue different fromcysteine, such as an amino acid residue disclosed in embodiment 67 or68.

Embodiment 78: A monovalent antibody of any of embodiments 54 to 77,wherein said antibody is obtainable by a method comprising recombinantexpression of the antibody in a cell expression system in vitro.

Embodiment 79: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 78, whereinthe method comprises

-   -   i) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the light chain        of said antibody, said construct comprising a nucleotide        sequence encoding the V_(L) region of a selected antigen        specific antibody and a nucleotide sequence encoding the C_(L)        region of IgG;    -   ii) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the heavy chain        of said antibody, said construct comprising a nucleotide        sequence encoding the V_(H) region of a selected antigen        specific antibody and a nucleotide sequence encoding the C_(H)        region of human IgG4, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding        the C_(H) region has been modified such that the region        corresponding to the hinge region does not comprise any amino        acid residues capable of participating in the formation of        disulphide bonds;    -   iii) providing a cell expression system for the producing said        monovalent antibody;    -   iv) producing said monovalent antibody comprising a light chain        encoded by the nucleic acid construct of (i) and a heavy chain        encoded by the nucleic acid construct of (ii) by co-expressing        said nucleic acid constructs in cells of the cell expression        system of (iii).

Embodiment 80: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 79, whereinthe human Ig is an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 or IgGA antibody, such as anIgG1, IgG2, IgG4 antibody.

Embodiment 81: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 78, whereinthe method comprises

-   -   i) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the light chain        of said antibody, said construct comprising a nucleotide        sequence encoding the V_(L) region of a selected antigen        specific antibody and a nucleotide sequence encoding the C_(L)        region of IgG;    -   ii) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the heavy chain        of said antibody, said construct comprising a nucleotide        sequence encoding the V_(H) region of a selected antigen        specific antibody and a nucleotide sequence encoding the C_(H)        region of human IgG4, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding        the C_(H) region has been modified such that the region        corresponding to the hinge region does not comprise any amino        acid residues capable of participating in the formation of        disulphide bonds;    -   iii) providing a cell expression system for producing said        monovalent antibody;    -   iv) producing said monovalent antibody comprising a light chain        encoded by the nucleic acid construct of (i) and a heavy chain        encoded by the nucleic acid construct of (ii) by co-expressing        said nucleic acid constructs in cells of the cell expression        system of (iii).

Embodiment 82: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 81, which monovalent antibody has a plasma concentration above 10μg/ml for more than 7 days when administered in vivo at a dose of 4 mgper kg.

Embodiment 83: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 82, whereinthe monovalent antibody has a plasma concentration above 10 μg/ml formore than 7 days when administered in vivo in SCID mise at a dose of 4mg per kg.

Embodiment 84: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 83, which monovalent antibody has a plasma clearance, which is morethan 10 times slower than the plasma clearance of a F(ab′)₂ fragment.

Embodiment 85: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 84, whereinthe sequence of the F(ab′)₂ fragment is identical to the sequence of thecorresponding region of the monovalent antibody.

Embodiment 86: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 84, whereinthe plasma clearance is measured using SCID mice.

Embodiment 87: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 86, whereinthe V_(H) region and the V_(L) region of the F(ab′)₂ fragment areidentical to the V_(H) region and the V_(L) region of the monovalentantibody.

Embodiment 88: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 87, wherein said monovalent antibody has a half-life of at least 5days when administered in vivo.

Embodiment 89: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 87, wherein said monovalent antibody has a half-life of at least 5and up to 21 days when administered in vivo.

Embodiment 90: A monovalent antibody according to any one of embodiments54 to 87, wherein said monovalent antibody has a half-life of at least 5and up to 14 days when administered in vivo

Embodiment 91: A monovalent antibody according to any one of embodiments54 to 87, wherein said monovalent antibody has a half-life of at least14 days.

Embodiment 92: A monovalent antibody according to any one of embodiments54 to 87, wherein said monovalent antibody has a half-life of at least21 days.

Embodiment 93: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 88, whereinwherein said monovalent antibody has a half-life of at least 5 days whenadministered in vivo in SCID mice.

Embodiment 94: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 93, wherein said antibody is capable of binding to FcRn.

Embodiment 95: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 94, which specifically binds a tumor antigen.

Embodiment 96: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 95, which specifically binds a cell surface receptor that isactivated upon receptor dimerization.

Embodiment 97: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 96, wherein the monovalent antibody when bound to a target moleculeinhibits target molecule multimerization and/or aggregation.

Embodiment 98: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 97, wherein the monovalent antibody binds to a target selected fromVEGF, cMet, CD20, CD38, IL-8, CD25, FcalphaRI, FcepsilonRl, acetylcholine receptor, fas, fasL, TRAIL, Hepatitis virus, Hepatitis C virus,Tissue factor, a complex of Tissue factor and Factor VII, EGFr, CD4, andCD28.

Embodiment 99: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 97, wherein the monovalent antibody specifically binds to a targetselected from VEGF, cMet, CD20, CD38, IL-8, CD25, FcalphaRI,FcepsilonRl, acetyl choline receptor, fas, fasL, TRAIL, Hepatitis virus,Hepatitis C virus, Tissue factor, a complex of Tissue factor and FactorVII, EGFr, CD4, and CD28.

Embodiment 100: A monovalent IgG4 anti-cMet antibody according any ofembodiments 56 to 97.

Embodiment 101: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 100, which is in a monovalent form in the presence of polyclonalhuman IgG.

Embodiment 102: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 100, which is in a monovalent form when administered to a humanbeing.

Embodiment 103: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 100, which dissociates into a monovalent form in the presence ofpolyclonal human IgG.

Embodiment 104: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 100, which dissociates into in a monovalent form when administered toa human being.

Embodiment 105: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 56to 104, wherein said antibody is incapable of effector binding.

Embodiment 106: A monovalent antibody according to any one ofembodiments 54 to 104, wherein the antibody is made for pharmaceuticaluse.

Embodiment 107: A method of preparing a monovalent antibody of any ofembodiments 54 to 104, the method comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) culturing a host cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding said        monovalent antibody; and    -   b) recovering the monovalent antibody from the host cell        culture.

Embodiment 108: A method according to embodiment 107, wherein said hostcell is prokaryotic.

Embodiment 109: A method according to embodiment 108, wherein the hostcell is E. coli cells.

Embodiment 110: A method according to embodiment 109, wherein the E.coli cells are of a strain deficient in endogenous protease activities.

Embodiment 111: A method according to embodiment 107, wherein said hostcell is eukaryotic.

Embodiment 112: A method according to embodiment 111, wherein the hostcell is HEK-293F cells.

Embodiment 113: A method according to embodiment 111, wherein the hostcell is CHO cells.

Embodiment 114: A method according to embodiment 111, wherein the hostcell is a human cell.

Embodiment 115: A method according to any of embodiments 107 to 114,wherein the monovalent antibody is recovered from culture medium.

Embodiment 116: A method according to any of embodiments 107 to 114,wherein the monovalent antibody is recovered from cell lysate.

Embodiment 117: A nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleic acidsequence encoding the C_(H) region of an IgG4, wherein the nucleic acidsequence encoding the C_(H) region has been modified such that theregion corresponding to the hinge region in said C_(H) region does notcomprise any amino acid residues capable of participating in theformation of disulphide bonds with peptides comprising an amino acidsequence identical to the amino acid sequence of said C_(H) region, or asequence complementary thereof.

Embodiment 118: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 117,wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) region has beenmodified such that the region corresponding to the hinge region does notcomprise any cysteine residues.

Embodiment 119: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 117 orembodiment 118, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H)region has been modified such that at least one of the amino acidresidues of the region corresponding to the hinge region, including anycysteine residues, have been deleted and/or substituted with other aminoacid residues.

Embodiment 120: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 119,wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) region has beenmodified such that the amino acids corresponding to amino acids 106 and109 of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 14 have been deleted.

Embodiment 121: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 119 orembodiment 120, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H)region has been modified such that at least the amino acid residuescorresponding to amino acid residues 106 to 109 of the sequence of SEQID No: 14 has been deleted.

Embodiment 122: A nucleic acid construct according to any of embodiments119 to 121, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) regionhas been modified such that at least the amino acid residuescorresponding to amino acid residues 99 to 110 of the sequence of SEQ IDNo: 14 has been deleted.

Embodiment 123: A nucleic acid construct according to any of embodiments119 to 122, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) regionhas been modified such that the entire hinge region has been deleted.

Embodiment 124: A nucleic acid construct according to any of embodiments117 to 123, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) regionhas been modified such that at least one nucleotide of the splice donorsite of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the hinge region has beensubstituted with another nucleotide.

Embodiment 125: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 124,wherein the nucleotides corresponding to the nucleotides in position 714and 722 of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 13 have been substituted with anucleotide different than the nucleotide present at that position in SEQID No: 13.

Embodiment 126: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 125,wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) region comprises asequence of SEQ ID No: 13, wherein nucleotides 714 and 722 of thesequence of SEQ ID No: 13 have been substituted with a nucleotidedifferent than the nucleotide present at that position in SEQ ID No: 13.

Embodiment 127: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 126,wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) region comprisesthe nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No: 15.

Embodiment 128: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 119,wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) region has beenmodified such that the amino acid residues corresponding to amino acidresidues 106 and 109 of the sequence of SEQ ID No: 14 have beensubstituted with amino acid residues different from cysteine.

Embodiment 129: A nucleic acid construct according to any of embodiments124 to 128, wherein the substituted nucleotides of the nucleic acidsequence encoding the C_(H) region are substituted by usingsite-directed mutagenesis.

Embodiment 130: A nucleic acid construct according to any of embodiments117 to 129, wherein said construct comprises a nucleic acid sequenceencoding the V_(H) region of an antigen specific antibody, or a sequencecomplementary thereof.

Embodiment 131: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 130,wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the V_(H) region is operablylinked to the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H) region, or asequence complementary thereof.

Embodiment 132: A nucleic acid construct according to any of embodiments117 to 131, wherein said construct comprises a nucleotide sequenceencoding the heavy chain of a monovalent antibody according to any ofembodiments 54 to 106.

Embodiment 133: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 132,wherein said construct comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding theV_(L) region of a monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 106.

Embodiment 134: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 133,wherein the nucleic acid construct encoding the light chain of saidmonovalent antibody comprises a sequence encoding the C_(L) region ofthe kappa chain of human IgG.

Embodiment 135: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 134,wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises the nucleotide sequence ofSEQ ID No: 1

Embodiment 136: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 133,wherein the nucleic acid construct encoding the light chain of saidmonovalent antibody comprises a sequence encoding the C_(L) region ofthe lambda chain of human IgG.

Embodiment 137: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 136,wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises the nucleotide sequence ofSEQ ID No: 3.

Embodiment 138: A nucleic acid construct according to any of embodiments117 to 137, wherein the nucleic acid construct is a DNA construct.

Embodiment 139: A nucleic acid construct according to any of embodiments117 to 138, wherein said nucleic acid construct is an expression vector.

Embodiment 140: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 139,wherein said expression vector is a prokaryotic expression vector.

Embodiment 141: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 139,wherein said expression vector is a eukaryotic expression vector.

Embodiment 142: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 141,wherein said expression vector is a mammalian expression vector.

Embodiment 143: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 142,wherein said expression vector is suitable for gene therapy in a human.

Embodiment 144: A nucleic acid construct according to embodiment 139,wherein said expression vector is a viral vector suitable for genetherapy in a human.

Embodiment 145: A method of preparing a monovalent antibody according toany of embodiments 54 to 106 comprising culturing a host cell comprisinga nucleic acid construct according to any of embodiments 117 to 144,and, if said nucleic acid construct does not encode the light chain ofsaid antibody, also comprising a nucleic acid construct comprising anucleic acid sequence encoding the light chain of said antibody, so thatthe polypeptides are expressed, and recovering the monovalent antibodyfrom the cell culture.

Embodiment 146: A method according to embodiment 145, wherein themonovalent antibody is recovered from the cell lysate.

Embodiment 147: A method according to embodiment 145, wherein themonovalent antibody is recovered from the cell culture medium.

Embodiment 148: Use of a nucleic acid construct according to any ofembodiments 117 to 144 for the production of a monovalent antibodyaccording to any of embodiments 54 to 106.

Embodiment 149: Use according to embodiment 148 or 170, wherein theproduction of a monovalent antibody includes the use of a methodaccording to any of embodiments 1 to 53.

Embodiment 150: A host cell comprising a nucleic acid according to anyof embodiments 117 to 144.

Embodiment 151: A host cell according to embodiment 150, which host cellis a prokaryotic cell.

Embodiment 152: A host cell according to embodiment 151, which host cellis an E. coli cell.

Embodiment 153: A host cell according to embodiment 150, which host cellis a eukaryotic cell.

Embodiment 154: A host cell according to embodiment 153, which host cellis a mammalian cell.

Embodiment 155: A host cell according to embodiment 154, which host cellis a CHO cell.

Embodiment 156: A host cell according to embodiment 154, which host cellis a HEK-293F cell.

Embodiment 157: A host cell according to embodiment 154, which host cellis a human cell.

Embodiment 158: A host cell according to embodiment 154, which host cellis a human cell derived from a patient.

Embodiment 159: A host cell according to embodiment 154, which host cellis a human cell in a patient.

Embodiment 160: A host cell comprising a nucleic acid according to anyof embodiments 132 to 144.

Embodiment 161: A host cell according to embodiment 160, which host cellis a prokaryotic cell.

Embodiment 162: A host cell according to embodiment 161, which host cellis an E. coli cell.

Embodiment 163: A host cell according to embodiment 162, which host cellis a eukaryotic cell.

Embodiment 164: A host cell according to embodiment 163, which host cellis a mammalian cell.

Embodiment 165: A host cell according to embodiment 164, which host cellis a CHO cell.

Embodiment 166: A host cell according to embodiment 164, which host cellis a HEK-293F cell.

Embodiment 167: A method of preparing a monovalent antibody according toany of embodiments 54 to 106 comprising culturing a host cell accordingto any of embodiments 160 to 166, which host cell comprises a nucleicacid sequence encoding the light chain of said antibody, so thatpolypeptides are expressed, and recovering the monovalent antibody fromthe cell culture.

Embodiment 168: A method according to embodiment 167, wherein themonovalent antibody is recovered from the cell lysate.

Embodiment 169: A method according to embodiment 167, wherein themonovalent antibody is recovered from the cell culture medium.

Embodiment 170: Use of a host cell according to any of embodiments 150to 159 for the production of a monovalent antibody according to any ofembodiments 54 to 106.

Embodiment 171: Use according to embodiment 170, wherein the productionof a monovalent antibody includes the use of a method according to anyof embodiments 1 to 53.

Embodiment 172: An immunoconjugate comprising a monovalent antibodyaccording to any of embodiments 54 to 106 conjugated to a therapeuticmoiety.

Embodiment 173: An immunoconjugate of embodiment 172, wherein thetherapeutic moiety is a cytotoxin, a chemotherapeutic drug, animmunosuppressant or a radioisotope.

Embodiment 174: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments 54to 106 for use as a medicament.

Embodiment 175: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 174 foruse as a medicament for treating cancer, a cell proliferative disorder,an (auto)immune disorder, an inflammation disorder and/or anangiogenesis disorder, wherein the antibody specifically binds a giventarget or target epitope, where the binding of an antibody to saidtarget or target epitope is effective in treating said disease.

Embodiment 176: A monovalent antibody according to embodiment 174 orembodiment 175 for use as a medicament for treating a disease ordisorder, which disease or disorder is treatable by administration of anantibody against a certain target, wherein the involvement of immunesystem-mediated acitivities is not necessary or is undesirable forachieving the effects of the administration of the antibody, and whereinsaid antibody specifically binds said antigen.

Embodiment 177: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments174 to 176 for use as a medicament for treating a disease or disorder,which disease or disorder is treatable by blocking or inhibiting asoluble antigen, wherein multimerization of said antigen may formundesirable immune complexes, and wherein said antibody specificallybinds said antigen.

Embodiment 178: A monovalent antibody according to any of embodiments174 to 176 for use as a medicament for treating a disease or disorder,which disease or disorder is treatable by blocking or inhibiting a cellmembrane bound receptor, wherein said receptor may be activated bydimerization of said receptor, and wherein said antibody specificallybinds said receptor.

Embodiment 179: Use of a monovalent antibody according to any ofembodiments 54 to 106 as a medicament.

Embodiment 180: Use according to embodiment 179, wherein the medicamentis useful for treating cancer, a cell proliferative disorder, an(auto)immune disorder, an inflammation disorder and/or an angiogenesisdisorder, wherein the antibody specifically binds a given target ortarget epitope, where the binding of an antibody to said target ortarget epitope is effective in treating said disease.

Embodiment 181: Use according to embodiment 179 or embodiment 180,wherein the medicament is useful for treating a disease or disorder,which disease or disorder is treatable by administration of an antibodyagainst a certain target, wherein the involvement of immunesystem-mediated acitivities is not necessary or is undesirable forachieving the effects of the administration of the antibody, and whereinsaid antibody specifically binds said antigen.

Embodiment 182: Use according to any of embodiments 179 to 181, whereinthe medicament is useful for treating a disease or disorder, whichdisease or disorder is treatable by blocking or inhibiting a solubleantigen, wherein multimerization of said antigen may form undesirableimmune complexes, and wherein said antibody specifically binds saidantigen.

Embodiment 183: Use according to any of embodiments 179 to 181, whereinthe medicament is useful for treating a disease or disorder, whichdisease or disorder is treatable by blocking or inhibiting a cellmembrane bound receptor, wherein said receptor may be activated bydimerization of said receptor, and wherein said antibody specificallybinds said receptor.

Embodiment 184: Use of an antibody according to any of embodiments 54 to106 for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for thetreatment of cancer, a cell proliferative disorder, an (auto)immunedisorder, an inflammation disorder and/or an angiogenesis disorder,wherein the antibody specifically binds a given target or targetepitope, where the binding of an antibody to said target or targetepitope is effective in treating said disease.

Embodiment 185: Use of an antibody according to any of embodiments 54 to106 or embodiment 184 for the preparation of a pharmaceuticalcomposition for the treatment of a disease or disorder, which disease ordisorder is treatable by administration of an antibody against a certaintarget, wherein the involvement of immune system-mediated acitivities isnot necessary or is undesirable for achieving the effects of theadministration of the antibody, and wherein said antibody specificallybinds said antigen.

Embodiment 186: Use of an antibody according to any of embodiments 54 to106 or embodiment 184 or embodiment 185 for the preparation of apharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease or disorder,which disease or disorder is treatable by blocking or inhibiting asoluble antigen, wherein multimerization of said antigen may formundesirable immune complexes, and wherein said antibody specificallybinds said antigen.

Embodiment 187: Use of an antibody according to any of embodiments 54 to106 or embodiment 184 or embodiment 185 for the preparation of apharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease or disorder,which disease or disorder is treatable by blocking or inhibiting a cellmembrane bound receptor, wherein said receptor may be activated bydimerization of said receptor, and wherein said antibody specificallybinds said receptor.

Embodiment 188: A method for inhibiting an antigen in a subjectsuffering from a disease or disorder in which activity of the antigen isundesirable, comprising administering to a subject a monovalent antibodyaccording to any of embodiments 54 to 106, which antibody specificallybinds said antigen, a pharmaceutical composition comprising saidantibody, immunoconjugate comprising said antibody, or a nucleic acidconstruct according to any of embodiments 117 to 144, such that theantigen activity in the subject is inhibited.

Embodiment 189: A method of treating a disease or disorder, wherein saidmethod comprises administering to a subject in need of treatment atherapeutically effective amount of a monovalent antibody according toany of embodiments 54 to 106, a pharmaceutical composition comprisingsaid antibody, immunoconjugate comprising said antibody, or a nucleicacid construct according to any of embodiments 117 to 144, whereby thedisease or disorder is treated.

Embodiment 190: A method according to embodiment 189, wherein saiddisease or disorder is cancer, a cell proliferative disorder, an(auto)immune disorder, an inflammation disorder and/or an angiogenesisdisorder, and wherein said method comprises administering to a subjectin need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a monovalentantibody according to any of embodiments 54 to 106, which antibodyspecifically binds said antigen, a pharmaceutical composition comprisingsaid antibody, immunoconjugate comprising said antibody, or a nucleicacid construct according to any of embodiments 117 to 144, and whereinthe antibody specifically binds a given target or target epitope, wherethe binding of an antibody to said target or target epitope is effectivein treating said disease.

Embodiment 191: A method according to embodiment 189 or embodiment 190,wherein said disease or disorder is treatable by administration of anantibody against a certain target, wherein the involvement of immunesystem-mediated acitivities is not necessary or is undesirable forachieving the effects of the administration of the antibody, and whereinsaid method comprises administering to a subject in need of treatment atherapeutically effective amount of a monovalent antibody according toany of embodiments 54 to 106, wherein said antibody specifically bindssaid receptor, a pharmaceutical composition comprising said antibody,immunoconjugate comprising said antibody, or a nucleic acid constructaccording to any of embodiments 117 to 144.

Embodiment 192: A method according to any of embodiments 189 to 191,wherein said disease or disorder is treatable by blocking or inhibitinga soluble antigen, wherein multimerization of said antigen may formundesirable immune complexes, and wherein said method comprisesadministering to a subject in need of treatment a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a monovalent antibody according to any ofembodiments 54 to 106, which antibody specifically binds said antigen, apharmaceutical composition comprising said antibody, immunoconjugatecomprising said antibody, or a nucleic acid construct according to anyof embodiments 117 to 144.

Embodiment 193: A method according to any of embodiments 189 to 191,wherein said disease or disorder is treatable by blocking or inhibitinga cell membrane bound receptor, wherein said receptor may be activatedby dimerization of said receptor, and wherein said method comprisesadministering to a subject in need of treatment a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a monovalent antibody according to any ofembodiments 54 to 106, wherein said antibody specifically binds saidreceptor, a pharmaceutical composition comprising said antibody,immuno-conjugate comprising said antibody, or a nucleic acid constructaccording to any of embodiments 117 to 144.

Embodiment 194: A method of any one of the embodiments 189 to 193,comprising administering one or more further therapeutic agents to thesubject.

Embodiment 195: A pharmaceutical composition comprising a monovalentantibody according to any of embodiments 54 to 106, together with one ormore pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, diluents or carriers.

Embodiment 196: A transgene animal comprising a nucleic acid constructaccording to any one of embodiments 117 to 144.

Embodiment 197: Use of a monovalent antibody according to any ofembodiments 54 to 106 as a diagnostic agent.

Embodiment 198: A method of identifying a monovalent antibody or amonovalent antibody fragment with a long half life, wherein themonovalent antibody or antibody fragment is tested for protection byFcRn against clearance.

Embodiment 199: A monovalent antibody or a monovalent antibody fragmentwhich is protected from clearance by FcRn.

Embodiment 200: A monovalent antibody or a monovalent antibody fragmentaccording to embodiment 199, wherein said monovalent antibody ormonovalent antibody fragment has a half-life of at least 5 days whenadministered in vivo.

Embodiment 201: A monovalent antibody or a monovalent antibody fragmentaccording to embodiment 199, wherein said monovalent antibody ormonovalent antibody fragment has a half-life of at least 5 and up to 21days when administered in vivo.

Embodiment 202: A monovalent antibody or a monovalent antibody fragmentaccording to embodiment 199, wherein said monovalent antibody ormonovalent antibody fragment has a half-life of at least 5 and up to 14days when administered in viva

Embodiment 203: A monovalent antibody or a monovalent antibody fragmentaccording to embodiment 199, wherein said monovalent antibody ormonovalent antibody fragment has a half-life of at least 14 days.

Embodiment 204: A monovalent antibody or a monovalent antibody fragmentaccording to embodiment 199, wherein said monovalent antibody ormonovalent antibody fragment has a half-life of at least 21 days.

Embodiment 205: A monovalent antibody or a monovalent antibody fragmentaccording to embodiment 199, wherein wherein said monovalent antibody ormonovalent antibody fragment has a half-life of at least 5 days whenadministered in vivo in SCID mice.

Embodiment 206: A monovalent antibody or monovalent antibody fragmentaccording to embodiment 199, wherein said monovalent antibody ormonovalent antibody fragment is capable of binding to FcRn.

The present invention is further illustrated by the following exampleswhich should not be construed as further limiting.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Oligonucleotide Primers and PCR Amplification

Oligonucleotide primers were synthesized and quantified by IsogenBioscience (Maarssen, The Netherlands). Primers were dissolved in H₂O to100 pmol/μl and stored at −20° C. A summary of all PCR and sequencingprimers is tabulated (FIG. 1). For PCR, PfuTurbo® Hotstart DNApolymerase (Stratagene, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) was used accordingto the manufacturer's instructions. Each reaction mix contained 200 μMmixed dNTPs (Roche Diagnostics, Almere, The Netherlands), 6.7 pmol ofboth the forward and reverse primer, 100 ng of genomic DNA or 1 ng ofplasmid DNA and 1 unit of PfuTurbo® Hotstart DNA polymerase in PCRreaction buffer (supplied with polymerase) in a total volume of 20 μl.PCR reactions were carried out with a TGradient Thermocycler 96 (WhatmanBiometra, Goettingen, Germany) using a 32-cycle program: denaturing at95° C. for 2 min; 30 cycles of 95° C. for 30 sec, a 60-70° C. gradient(or another specific annealing temperature) for 30 sec, and 72° C. for 3min; final extension at 72° C. for 10 min. If appropriate, the PCRmixtures were stored at 4° C. until further analysis or processing.

Example 2 Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

Agarose gel electrophoresis was performed according to Sambrook(Sambrook J. and Russel, D. V. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,3nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor, 2000) using gels of 50 ml, in 1× TrisAcetate EDTA buffer. DNA was visualized by the inclusion of ethidiumbromide in the gel and observation under UV light. Gel images wererecorded by a CCD camera and an image analysis system (GeneGnome;Syngene, via Westburg B.V., Leusden, The Netherlands).

Example 3 Analysis and Purification of PCR Products and EnzymaticDigestion Products

Purification of desired PCR fragments was carried out using a MinElutePCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, via Westburg, Leusden, The Netherlands;product# 28006), according to the manufacturer's instructions. IsolatedDNA was quantified by UV spectroscopy and the quality was assessed byagarose gel electrophoresis.

Alternatively, PCR or digestion products were separated by agarose gelelectrophoresis (for instance when multiple fragments were present)using a 1% Tris Acetate EDTA agarose gel. The desired fragment wasexcised from the gel and recovered using the QIAEX II Gel Extraction Kit(Qiagen; product# 20051), according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Example 4 Quantification of DNA by UV Spectroscopy

Optical density of nucleic acids was determined using a NanoDrop ND-1000Spectrophotometer (Isogen Life Science, Maarssen, The Netherlands)according to the manufacturer's instructions. The DNA concentration wasmeasured by analysis of the optical density (OD) at 260 nm (oneOD_(260nm) unit=50 μg/ml). For all samples, the buffer in which thenucleic acids were dissolved was used as a reference.

Example 5 Restriction Enzyme Digestions

Restriction enzymes and supplements were obtained from New EnglandBiolabs (Beverly, Mass., USA) or Fermetas (Vilnius, Lithuania) and usedaccording to the manufacturer's instructions.

DNA (100 ng) was digested with 5 units of enzyme(s) in the appropriatebuffer in a final volume of 10 μl (reaction volumes were scaled up asappropriate). Digestions were incubated at the recommended temperaturefor a minimum of 60 min. For fragments requiring double digestions withrestriction enzymes which involve incompatible buffers or temperaturerequirements, digestions were performed sequentially. If necessarydigestion products were purified by agarose gel electrophoresis and gelextraction.

Example 6 Ligation of DNA Fragments

Ligations of DNA fragments were performed with the Quick Ligation Kit(New England Biolabs) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Foreach ligation, vector DNA was mixed with approximately three-fold molarexcess of insert DNA.

Example 7

Transformation of E. coli

Plasmid DNA (1-5 μl of DNA solution, typically 2 μl of DNA ligation mix)was transformed into One Shot DH5α-T1^(R) or MACH-1 T1^(R) competent E.coli cells (Invitrogen, Breda, The Netherlands; product# 12297-016)using the heat-shock method, according to the manufacturer'sinstructions. Next, cells were plated on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar platescontaining 50 μg/ml ampicillin. Plates were incubated for 16-18 hours at37° C. until bacterial colonies became evident.

Example 8 Screening of Bacterial Colonies by PCR

Bacterial colonies were screened for the presence of vectors containingthe desired sequences via colony PCR using the HotStarTaq Master Mix Kit(Qiagen; product# 203445) and the appropriate forward and reverseprimers. Selected colonies were lightly touched with a 20 μl pipette tipand touched briefly in 2 ml LB for small scale culture, and thenresuspended in the PCR mix. PCR was performed with a TGradientThermocycler 96 using a 35-cycle program: denaturation at 95° C. for 15min; 35 cycles of 94° C. for 30 sec, 55° C. for 30 sec and 72° C. for 2min; followed by a final extension step of 10 min at 72° C. Ifappropriate, the PCR mixtures were stored at 4° C. until analysis byagarose gel electrophoresis.

Example 9

Plasmid DNA Isolation from E. coli Culture

Plasmid DNA was isolated from E. coli cultures using the following kitsfrom Qiagen (via Westburg, Leusden, The Netherlands), according to themanufacturer's instructions. For bulk plasmid preparation (50-150 mlculture), either a HiSpeed Plasmid Maxi Kit (product# 12663) or aHiSpeed Plasmid Midi Kit (product# 12643) was used. For small scaleplasmid preparation (±2 ml culture) a Qiaprep Spin Miniprep Kit(product# 27106) was used and DNA was eluted in 50 μl elution buffer(supplied with kit).

Example 10 Site-Directed Mutagenesis

Site-directed mutagenesis was performed using the QuickChange II XLSite-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene, Amsterdam, The Netherlands)according to the manufacturer's instructions. This method included theintroduction of a silent extra Xmal site to screen for successfulmutagenesis. Briefly, 5 μl 10× reaction buffer, 1 μl oligonucleotideIgG4S228Pf (P16) (100 pmol/μl), 1 μl oligonucleotide IgG4S228Pr(P17)(100 pmol/μl), 1 μl dNTP mix, 3 μl Quicksolution, 1 μl plasmidpTomG4Tom7D8 (see example 16) (50 ng/μl) and 1 μl PfuUltra HF DNApolymerase were mixed in a total volume of 50 μl and amplified with aTGradient Thermocycler 96 (Whatman Biometra, Goettingen, Germany;product# 050-801) using an 18-cycle program: denaturing at 95° C. for 1min; 18 cycles of 95° C. for 50 sec, 60° C. for 50 sec, and 68° C. for10 min. PCR mixtures were stored at 4° C. until further processing.Next, PCR mixtures were incubated with 1 μl Dpnl for 60 min at 37° C. todigest the pTomG47D8 vector and stored at 4° C. until furtherprocessing. The reaction mixture was precipitated with 5 μl sM NaAc and125 μl Ethanol, incubated for 20 minutes at −20° C. and spundown for 20minutes at 4° C. at 14000×g. The DNA pellet was washed with 70% ethanol,dried and dissolved in 4 μl water. The total 4 μl reaction volume wastransformed in One Shot Top 10 competent E. coli cells (Invitrogen,Breda, The Netherlands) according to the manufacturer's instructions(Invitrogen). Next, cells were plated on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar platescontaining 50 μg/mlampicillin. Plates were incubated for 16-18 hours at37° C. until bacterial colonies became evident.

Example 11 DNA Sequencing

Plasmid DNA samples were sent to AGOWA (Berlin, Germany) for sequenceanalysis. Sequences were analyzed using Vector NTI advanced software(Informax, Oxford, UK).

Example 12 Transient Expression in HEK-293F Cells

Freestyle™ 293-F (a HEK-293 subclone adapted to suspension growth andchemically defined Freestyle medium, e. g. HEK-293F) cells were obtainedfrom Invitrogen and transfected according to the manufacturer's protocolusing 293fectin (Invitrogen).

Example 13

Construction of pConG1fA77: A Vector for the Production of the HeavyChain of A77-IgG1

The V_(H) coding region of the mouse anti-FcαRI antibody A77 wasamplified from a scFv phage vector, containing the V_(H) and V_(L)coding regions of this antibody, by a double overlap extension PCR. Thiswas used to incorporate a mammalian signal peptide, an ideal Kozaksequence and suitable restriction sites for cloning in pConG1f. Thefirst PCR was done using primers A77VHfor1 and A77VHrev with the scFvphage vector as template. Part of this first PCR was used in a secondPCR using primers A77VHfor2 and A77VHrev. The V_(H) fragment was gelpurified and cloned into pConG1f0.4. For this the pConG1f0.4 vector andthe V_(H) fragment were digested with HindIII and ApaI and purified. TheV_(H) fragment and the pConG1f0.4HindIII-ApaI digested vector wereligated and transformed into competent DH5α-T1^(R) cells. A clone wasselected containing the correct insert size and the sequence wasconfirmed and was named pConG1fA77.

Example 14

Construction of pConKA77: A Vector for the Production of the Light Chainof A77 Antibodies

The V_(L) coding region of the mouse anti-FcαRI antibody A77 wasamplified from a scFv phage vector, containing the V_(H) and V_(L) ofthis antibody, by a double overlap extension PCR. This was used toincorporate a mammalian signal peptide, an ideal Kozak sequence andsuitable restriction sites for cloning in pConKappa0.4. The first PCRwas done using primers A77VLfor1 and A77VLrev with the scFv phage vectoras template. Part of this first PCR was used in a second PCR usingprimers A77VLfor2 and A77VLrev.The PCR product and the pConKappa0.4vector were digested with HindIII and Pf12311 and purified. The V_(L)fragment and the pConKappa0.4HindIII-Pf123II digested vector wereligated and transformed into competent DH5α T1^(R) E. coli.

A clone was selected containing the correct insert size and the sequencewas confirmed. This plasmid was named pConKA77.

Example 15

Construction of pTomG4A77: A Vector for the Production of the HeavyChain of A77-IgG4

To construct a vector for expression of A77-IgG4, the V_(H) region ofA77 was cloned in pTomG4.

For this, pTomG4 and pConG1fA77 were digested with HindIII and ApaI andthe relevant fragments were isolated.

The A77 V_(H) fragment and the pTomG4HindIII-ApaI digested vector wereligated and transformed into competent DH5α-T1^(R) cells.

A clone was selected containing the correct insert size. This plasmidwas named pTomG4A77.

Example 16

Construction of pTomG4A77HG: A Vector for the Production of the HeavyChain of A77-HG

To make a construct for expression of A77-HG, the V_(H) region of A77was cloned in pTomG47D8HG, replacing the V_(H) 7D8 region.

For this pTomG47D8HG and pConG1fA77 were digested with HindIII and ApaIand the relevant fragments were isolated.

The A77 V_(H) fragment and the pTomG47D8HGHindIII-ApaI digested vectorfragment were ligated and transformed into competent DH5α-T1^(R) cells.

A clone was selected containing the correct insert size. This plasmidwas named pTomG4A77HG.

Example 17

Construction of pEE6.4A77Fab: A Vector for the Production of the HeavyChain of A77-Fab

To make a construct for expression of A77-Fab, the V_(H) region of A77was cloned in pEE6.42F8Fab, replacing the V_(H) 2F8 region.

For this pEE6.42F8Fab and pConG1fA77 were digested with HindIII and ApaIand the relevant fragments were isolated.

The A77 V_(H) fragment and the pEE6.42F8Fab HindIII-ApaI digested vectorfragment were ligated and transformed into competent DH5α-T1^(R) cells.

A clone was selected containing the correct insert. This plasmid wasnamed pEE6.4A77Fab.

Example 18 Cloning of the Variable Regions of a Human Anti-cMet Antibody

Total RNA was prepared from 1×10⁶ mouse hybridoma cells with the RNeasykit (Qiagen, Westburg, Leusden, Netherlands) according to themanufacturer's protocol.

5′-RACE-Complementary DNA (cDNA) of RNA was prepared from 60 ng totalRNA, using the SMART RACE cDNA Amplification kit (BD BiosciencesClontech, Mountain View, Calif., USA), following the manufacturer'sprotocol. The V_(L) and V_(H) regions of the cMet antibody wereamplified by PCR. For this PfuTurbo® Hotstart DNA polymerase(Stratagene) was used according to the manufacturer's instructions. Eachreaction mix contained 5 μl 10× BD Advantage 2 PCR buffer (Clontech),200 μM mixed dNTPs (Roche Diagnostics), 12 pmol of the reverse primer(RACEG1A1 for the V_(H) region and RACEKA1 for the V_(L) region), 7.2pmol UPM-Mix (UPM-Mix: 2 μM ShortUPMH3 and 0.4 μM LongUPMH3oligonucleotide), 1 μl of the 5′RACE cDNA template as described above,and 1 μl 50× BD Advantage 2 polymerase mix (Clontech) in a total volumeof 50 μl.

PCR reactions were carried out with a TGradient Thermocycler 96 (WhatmanBiometra) using a 35-cycle program: denaturing at 95° C. for 1 min; 35cycles of 95° C. for 30 sec, 68° C. for 60 sec.

The reaction products were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis on a1 TAE agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide. Bands of thecorrect size were cut from the gels and the DNA was isolated from theagarose using the Qiagen Minelute Reaction Cleanup kit (Qiagen).

Gel isolated PCR fragments were cloned into the pCR4Blunt-TOPO vector(Invitrogen) using the Zero Blunt® TOPO® PCRCloning Kit for Sequencing(Invitrogen), following the manufacturer's protocol. 5 μl of theligation mixture was transformed into OneShot DH5αT1 R competent E.Coli(Invitrogen) and plated on LB/Ampicillin plates.

From six, insert containing, clones, the V_(L) sequences were determinedand from five, insert containing, clones, the V_(H) sequences weredetermined.

Example 19

Construction of pConGlfcMet: A Vector for the Production of the HeavyChain of cMet-IgG1

The V_(H) coding region of the human anti-cMet antibody was cut from aplasmid containing this region using HindIII and ApaI. The V_(H)fragment was gel purified and cloned into pConG1f0.4. For thispConG1f0.4 vector were digested with HindIII and ApaI and purified.TheV_(H) fragment and the pConG1f0.4HindIII-ApaI digested vector wereligated and transformed into competent DH5α-T1 R cells.

A clone was selected containing the correct insert size was isolated andwas named pConGlfcMet.

Example 20

Construction of pConKcMet: A Vector for the Production of the LightChain of cMet Antibodies

The V_(L) coding region of the human anti-cMet antibody was amplifiedfrom a plasmid containing this region using the primers shortUPMH3 andRACEVLBsiWI, introducing suitable restriction sites for cloning intopConK0.4.

The PCR product and the pConKappa0.4 vector were digested with HindIIIand Pf12311 and purified. The V_(L) fragment and thepConKappa0.4HindIII-Pf123II digested vector were ligated and transformedinto competent DH5α T1^(R) E. coli.

A clone was selected containing the correct insert size and the sequencewas confirmed. This plasmid was named pConKcMet.

Example 21

Construction of pTomG4cMet: A Vector for the Production of the HeavyChain of cMet-IgG4

To construct a vector for expression of cMet-IgG4, the V_(H) region ofcMet was cloned in pTomG4.

For this, pTomG42F8 and pConGlfcMet were digested with HindIII and ApaIand the relevant fragments were isolated.

The cMet V_(H) fragment and the pTomG42F8HindIII-ApaI digested vectorwere ligated and transformed into competent DH5α-T1^(R) cells.

A clone was selected containing the correct insert size. This plasmidwas named pTomG4cMet.

Example 22

Construction of pTomG4cMetHG: A Vector for the Production of the HeavyChain of cMet-HG

To make a construct for expression of cMet-HG, the V_(H) region of cMetwas cloned in pTomG42F8HG, replacing the V_(H) 2F8 region.

For this pTomG42F8HG and pConG1fcMet were digested with HindIII and ApaIand the relevant fragments were isolated.

The cMet V_(H) fragment and the pTomG42F8HGHindIII-ApaI digested vectorfragment were ligated and transformed into competent DH5α-T1^(R) cells.

A clone was selected containing the correct insert size. This plasmidwas named pTomG4cMetHG.

Example 23

Construction of pEE6.4cMetFab: A Vector for the Production of the HeavyChain of cMet-Fab

To make a construct for expression of cMet-Fab, the V_(H) region of cMetwas cloned in pEE6.42F8Fab, replacing the V_(H) 2F8 region.

For this pEE6.42F8Fab and pConGlfcMet were digested with HindIII andApaI and the relevant fragments were isolated.

The cMet V_(H) fragment and the pEE6.42F8Fab HindIII-ApaI digestedvector fragment were ligated and transformed into competent DH5α-T1^(R)cells.

A clone was selected containing the correct insert. This plasmid wasnamed pEE6.4cMetFab.

Example 24

Construction of pConG1f2F8: A Vector for the Production of the HeavyChain of 2F8-IgG1

The V_(H) coding region of 2F8 (WO 2002/100348) was amplified by PCRfrom plESRa2F8 (Medarex) using the primers 2f8HCexfor and 2f8HCexrev andsubcloned in PCRscriptCam(Stratagene). The V_(H) fragment wassubsequently cloned in pCONg1f0.4.

For this pConG1f0.4 and the pCRScriptCAMVH2F8 vectors were digested withHindIII and ApaI and the relevant fragments were purified.

The V_(H) fragment and the pConG1f0.4HindIII-ApaI digested vector wereligated and transformed into competent DH5α-T1^(R) cells. A clone wasselected containing the correct insert size, the sequence was confirmedand the vector was named pConG1f2F8.

Example 25

Construction of pConK2F8: A Vector for the Production of the Light Chainof 2F8 Antibodies

pIESRα2F8 was digested with HindIII and BsiWI and the V_(L) codingregion of 2F8 (anti-EGFr) was isolated from gel. The pConKappa0.4 vectorwas digested with HindIII and BsiWI and purified. The V_(L) fragment andthe pConKappa0.4HindIII-BsiWI digested vector were ligated andtransformed into competent DH5α T1^(R) E. coli.

A clone was selected containing the correct insert size and the sequencewas confirmed. This plasmid was named pConK2F8.

Example 26

Construction of pTomG42F8: A Vector for the Production of the HeavyChain of 2F8-IgG4

To construct a vector for expression of 2F8-IgG4, the V_(H) region of2F8 was cloned in pTomG4.

For this, pTomG4 and pConG1f2F8 were digested with HindIII and ApaI andthe relevant fragments were isolated.

The 2F8 V_(H) fragment and the pTomG4HindIII-ApaI digested vector wereligated and transformed into competent DH5α-T1^(R) cells.

A clone was selected containing the correct insert size. This plasmidwas named pTomG42F8.

Example 27

Construction of pTomG42F8HG: A Vector for the Production of the HeavyChain of 2F8-HG

To make a construct for expression of 2F8-HG, the V_(H) region of 2F8was cloned in pTomG47D8HG, replacing the V_(H) 7D8 region.

For this pTomG47D8HG and pConG1f2F8 were digested with HindIII and ApaIand the relevant fragments were isolated.

The 2F8 V_(H) fragment and the pTomG47D8HGHindIII-ApaI digested vectorfragment were ligated and transformed into competent DH5α-T1^(R) cells.

A clone was selected containing the correct insert size. This plasmidwas named pTomG42F8HG.

Example 28

Construction of pEE6.42F8Fab: A Vector for the Production of the HeavyChain of 2F8-Fab

The Fab coding region was amplified from vector pConG1f2F8 by PCR withprimers pConG1seq1 and 2F8fabrev2, introducing a suitable cloningrestriction site and a C-terminal his tag coding sequence. The PCRfragment was purified and cloned in PEE6.4.

For this pEE6.4 and the PCR fragment were digested with HindIII andEcoRI and the relevant fragments were isolated.

The 2F8 Fab fragment and the pEE6.4HindIII-EcoRI digested vectorfragment were ligated and transformed into competent DH5α-T1^(R) cells.

A clone was selected containing the correct insert and the sequence wasconfirmed by DNA sequencing. This plasmid was named pEE6.42F8Fab.

Example 29

Construction of pConG1f7D8: A Vector for Production of the Heavy Chainof 7D8-IgG1

The V_(H) coding region of CD20 specific HuMab-7D8 (WO 04/035607) wasamplified by PCR from a pGemT (Promega, Madison, USA) vector containingthis region using the primers 7D8VHexfor (P8) and 2F8HCexrev (P13) (FIG.14), introducing suitable restriction sites for cloning intopConG1f0.4(Lonza Biologics, Slough, UK), a mammalian expression vectorcontaining the genomic constant region (allotype f) of human IgG1, andan ideal Kozak sequence (GCCGCCACC, (Kozak M et al., Gene 234(2),187-208 (1999)). The PCR fragment was cloned in pPCR-Script CAM(Stratagene, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) using a PCR-Script® Cam CloningKit (Stratagene), according to the manufacture's instructions. Severalclones were sequenced and a clone containing the predicted sequence waschosen for further use.

The V_(H) fragment was gel purified and cloned into pConG1f0.4. For thisthe V_(H) fragment was isolated from the pPCR-Script CAM vector afterdigestion with HindIII and ApaI and gel purification.

The pConG1f0.4 vector was digested with HindIII and ApaI and the vectorfragment was isolated from gel, followed by dephosphorylation withShrimp Alkaline Phosphatase (New England Biolabs) The V_(H) fragment andthe pConG1f0.4HindIII-ApaI dephosphorylated fragment were ligated andtransformed into competent DH5α-T1^(R) cells (Invitrogen). Eightcolonies were checked by colony PCR (using primers pConG1seq1 (P10) andHCseq5 (P11) (FIG. 14) and all colonies were found to contain thecorrect insert size.

A clone was chosen for further study and named pConG1f7D8.

Example 30

Construction of pConK7D8: A Vector for Production of the Light Chain of7D8-IgG1, 7D8-IgG4 and 7D8-HG

The V_(L) coding region of CD20 specific HuMab-7D8 (WO 04/035607) wasamplified from a plasmid containing this region using the primers7D8VLexfor (P7) and 7D8VLexrev (P6) (FIG. 14), introducing suitablerestriction sites for cloning into pConKappa0.4 (Lonza Biologics), amammalian expression vector containing the constant kappa light chainregion (allotype km3) of human IgG, and an ideal Kozak sequence.

The PCR product and the pConKappa0.4 vector were digested with HindIIIand BsIWI. The vector and V_(L) fragment were purified and the vectorwas dephosphorylated with Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatase. The V_(L)fragment and the pConKappa0.4HindIII-BsIWI digested vector were ligatedand transformed into competent DH5α T1^(R) E. coli. Ten colonies werechecked by colony PCR (using primers pConKseq1 (P9) and LCseq3 (P5)(FIGS. 14) and 9 colonies were found to contain the correct insert size.

From 4 clones plasmid DNA was isolated and the V_(L) region wassequenced. 3 clones contained the predictedsequence and one clone waschosen for further use and named pConK7D8.

Example 31

Construction of pTomG4: A Vector for the Expression of Variable HeavyChain Regions of Human IgG with the Constant Region of Human IgG4

Genomic DNA was isolated from a blood sample of a volunteer and used asa template in a PCR with primers IgG4gene2f (P15) and IgG4gene2r (P14)(FIG. 14), amplifying the complete genomic constant region of the heavychain of IgG4 and introducing suitable restriction sites for cloninginto the mammalian expression vector pEE6.4 (Lonza Biologics). The PCRfragment was purified and cloned into pEE6.4. For this the PCR productwas digested with HindIII and EcoRI, followed by heat inactivation ofthe restriction enzymes. The pEE6.4 vector was digested HindIII andEcoRI, followed by heat inactivation of the restriction enzymes anddephosphorylation of the vector fragment with shrimp alkalinephosphatase, followed by heat inactivation of the phosphatase. The IgG4fragment and the pEE6.4HindIII/EcoRI dephosphorylated vector wereligated and transformed into competent MAC_(H)1-T1^(R) cells(Invitrogen). Three clones were grown in LB and plasmid DNA was isolatedfrom a small culture (1.5 ml). Restriction digestion revealed a patternconsistent with the cloning of the IgG4 fragment in the pEE6.4 vector.Plasmid DNA from two clones was transformed in DH5α-T1^(R) E.coli andplasmid DNA was isolated and the constructs were checked by sequenceanalysis of the insert and one clone was found to be identical to agenomic IgG4 clone from the Genbank database, apart from some minordifferences in introns. SEQ ID No: 13 shows the sequence of the IgG4region in pTomG4. These differences are presumably either polymorphismsor sequence faults in the Genbank sequence. The plasmid was namedpTomG4.

Example 32

Construction of pTomG47D8: A Vector for the Production of the HeavyChain of 7D8-IgG4

Plasmid DNA from pConG1f7D8 was digested with HindIII and ApaI and theV_(H) fragment was gel purified. The pTomG4 vector was digested withHindIII and ApaI and the vector fragment was isolated from gel. TheV_(H) fragment and the pTomG4HindIII-ApaI fragment were ligated andtransformed into competent DH5α-T1^(R) cells. Four colonies were checkedby colony PCR (using primers pConKseq1 (P9) and HCseq11 (P12)) and twowere found to contain the correct insert size and the presence of thepTomG4 backbone was confirmed by a digestion with MspI on the colony PCRfragment. One of the clones was chosen for further use. This plasmid wasnamed pTomG47D8.

Example 33

Construction of pTomG47D8HG; A Vector for the Expression of the HeavyChain of 7D8-HG

Site directed mutagenesis was used to destroy the splice donor site ofthe hinge exon of IgG4 in the pTomG47D8 plasmid. A site-directedmutagenesis reaction was done according to the QuickChange XLsite-directed mutagenesis method using primers IgG4S228Pf (P16) andIgG4S228Pr (P17). 24 colonies were screened by colony PCR and XmaIdigestion (an extra Xmal site was introduced during mutagenesis) and allcolonies appeared to contain the correct nucleotide changes. Twopositive colonies were grown overnight, plasmid DNA was isolated andsequenced to confirm that the correct mutation was introduced. Both didcontain the correct sequence and one was chosen for further propagationand named pTomG47D8HG. To exclude the introduction of additionalmutations during the mutagenesis process, the whole IgG4 coding regionof pTomG47D8HG was resequenced and no additional mutations were found.The final vector was named pTomG47D8HG.

Example 34

Cloning of the Variable Regions of the Mouse anti-Betv1 Antibody

Total RNA was prepared from 0.3×10⁵ mouse hybridoma cells (Clone 2H8from reference (Akkerdaas J H et al., Allergy 50(3), 215-20 (1995)) withthe RNeasy kit (Qiagen, Westburg, Leusden, Netherlands) according to themanufacturer's protocol.

5′-RACE-Complementary DNA (cDNA) of RNA was prepared from 112 ng totalRNA, using the SMART RACE cDNA Amplification kit (BD BiosciencesClontech, Mountain View, Calif., USA), following the manufacturer'sprotocol.

The V_(L) and V_(H) regions of the Betv1 antibody were amplified by PCR.For this PfuTurbo® Hotstart DNA polymerase (Stratagene) was usedaccording to the manufacturer's instructions. Each reaction mixcontained 200 μM mixed dNTPs (Roche Diagnostics), 12 pmol of the reverseprimer (RACEG1 mm1 (P19) for the V_(H) region and RACEKmm1 (P18) for theV_(L) region), 7.2 pmol UPM-Mix (UPM-Mix: 2 μM ShortUPMH3 (P20) and 0.4μM LongUPMH3 (P21) oligonucleotide (FIG. 14)), 0.6 μl of the 5′RACE cDNAtemplate as described above, and 1.5 unit of PfuTurbo® Hotstart DNApolymerase in PCR reaction buffer (supplied with polymerase) in a totalvolume of 30 μl.

PCR reactions were carried out with a TGradient Thermocycler 96 (WhatmanBiometra) using a 35-cycle program: denaturing at 95° C. for 2 min; 35cycles of 95° C. for 30 sec, a 55° C. for 30 sec, and 72° C. for 1.5min; final extension at 72° C. for 10 min.

The reaction products were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis on a1% TAE agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide. Bands of thecorrect size were cut from the gels and the DNA was isolated from theagarose using the Qiaexll gel extraction kit (Qiagen).

Gel isolated PCR fragments were A tailed by a 10 min 72° C. incubationwith 200 μM dATP and 2.5 units Amplitaq (Perkin Elmer) and purifiedusing minielute columns (Qiagen). A-tailed PCR fragments were clonedinto the pGEMTeasy vector (Promega) using the pGEMT easy vector systemII kit (Promega), following the manufacturer's protocol. 2 μl of theligation mixture was transformed into OneShot DH5αT1 R competent E.Coli(Invitrogen) and plated on LB/Amp/IPTG/XgaI plates.

Four insert containing, white colonies each for the V_(H) and V_(L)sequences were picked and the inserts were sequenced. The deduced aminoacid sequences of the V_(H) and V_(L) of Betv1 are shown as SEQ ID No: 8and SEQ ID No:12, respectively.

Example 35

Construction of pConG1fBetV1: A Vector for the Production of the HeavyChain of Betv1-IgG1

The V_(H) coding region of mouse anti-BetV1 antibody was amplified byPCR from a plasmid containing this region (example 18) using the primersVHexbetvlfor (P4) and VHexbetvl rev (P3), introducing suitablerestriction sites for cloning into pConG1f0.4 and an ideal Kozaksequence.

The V_(H) fragment was gel purified and cloned into pConG1f0.4. For thisthe PCR product and the pConKappa0.4 vector were digested with HindIIIand ApaI and purified.

The V_(H) fragment and the pConG1f0.4HindIII-ApaI digested vector wereligated and transformed into competent DH5α-T1^(R) cells.

A clone was selected containing the correct insert size and the correctsequence was confirmed. This plasmid was named pConG1fBetv1.

Example 36

Construction of pConKBetv1: A Vector for the Production of the LightChain of Betv1

The V_(L) coding region mouse anti-BetV1 antibody was amplified from aplasmid containing this region (example 18) using the primersVLexbetvlfor (P2) and VLexbetvl rev (P1), introducing suitablerestriction sites for cloning into pConK0.4 and an ideal Kozak sequence.

The PCR product and the pConKappa0.4 vector were digested with HindIIIand BsIWI and purified. The V_(L) fragment and thepConKappa0.4HindIII-BsIWI digested vector were ligated and transformedinto competent DH5α T1^(R) E. coli.

A clone was selected containing the correct insert size and the sequencewas confirmed. This plasmid was named pConKBetv1.

Example 37

Construction of pTomG4Betv1: A Vector for the Production of the HeavyChain of Betv1-IgG4

To construct a vector for expression of Betv1-IgG4, the V_(H) region ofBetV1 was cloned in pTomG4.

For this, pTomG4 and pConG1fBetv1 were digested with HindIII and ApaIand the relevant fragments were isolated.

The Betv1 V_(H) fragment and the pTomG4HindIII-ApaI digested vector wereligated and transformed into competent DH5α-T1^(R) cells.

A clone was selected containing the correct insert size and the sequencewas confirmed. This plamid was named pTomG4Betv1.

Example 38

Construction of pTomG4Betv1 HG; A Vector for the Production of the HeavyChain of Betv1-HG

To make a construct for expression of Betv1-HG, the V_(H) region ofBetv1 was cloned in pTomG47D8HG, replacing the V_(H) 7D8 region.

For this pTomG47D8HG and pConGlfBetvl were digested with HindIII andApaI and the relevant fragments were isolated.

The Betv1 V_(H) fragment and the pTomG47D8HGHindIII-ApaI digested vectorfragment were ligated and transformed into competent DH5α-T1^(R) cells.

A clone was selected containing the correct insert size and the sequencewas confirmed. This plasmid was named pTomG4Betv1 HG.

Example 39

Production of 7D8-IgG1, 7D8-IgG4, 7D8-HG, Betv1-IgG1, Betv1-IgG4,Betv1-HG, 2F8-IgG1, 2F8-IgG4, 2F8-HG, 2F8-Fab, A77-IgG1, A77-IgG4,A77-HG, A77-Fab, cMet-IgG1, cMet-IgG4, cMet-HG, and cMet-Fab bytransient expression in Hek-293F cells

Antibodies were produced of all constructs by cotransfecting therelevant heavy and light chain vectors in HEK-293F cells using 293fectinaccording to the manufacturer's instructions. For 7D8-IgG1, pConG1f7D8and pConK7D8 were coexpressed. For 7D8-IgG4, pTomG47D8 and pConK7D8 werecoexpressed. For 7D8-HG, pTomG47D8HG and pConK7D8 were coexpressed. ForBetv1-IgG1, pConG1Betv1 and pConKBetv1 were coexpressed. For Betv1-IgG4,pTomG4Betv1 and pConKBetv1 were coexpressed. For Betv1-HG, pTomG4Betv1HG and pConKBetv1 were coexpressed.

For 2F8-IgG1, pConG1f2F8 and pConK2F8 were coexpressed. For 2F8-IgG4,pTomG42F8 and pConK2F8 were coexpressed. For 2F8-HG, pTomG42F8HG andpConK2F8 were coexpressed. For 2F8-Fab, pEE6.42F8-Fab and pConK2F8 werecoexpressed.

For cMet-IgG1, pConGlfcMet and pConKcMet were coexpressed. ForcMet-IgG4, pTomG4cMet and pConKcMet were coexpressed. For cMet-HG,pTomG4cMetHG and pConKcMet were coexpressed. For cMet-Fab,pEE6.4cMet-Fab and pConKcMet were coexpressed.

For A77-IgG1, pConG1fA77 and pConKA77 were coexpressed. For A77-IgG4,pTomG4A77 and pConKA77 were coexpressed. For A77-HG, pTomG4A77HG andpConKA77 were coexpressed. For A77-Fab, pEE6.4A77-Fab and pConKA77 werecoexpressed.

Example 40 Purification of IgG1, IgG4 and IgG4-Hingeless Antibodies

All IgG1, IgG4 and hingeless antibodies were purified. First thesupernatants were filtered over 0.20 μM dead-end filter. Then, thesupernant was loaded on a 5 ml Protein A column (rProtein A FF, AmershamBioscience) and eluted with 0.1 M citric acid-NaOH, pH 3. The eluate wasimmediately neutralized with 2 M Tris-HCl, pH 9 and dialyzed overnightto 12.6 mM sodium phosphate, 140 mM NaCl, pH 7.4 (B. Braun, Oss, TheNetherlands). After dialysis samples were sterile filtered over 0.20 μMdead-end filter.

Antibodies were deglycosylated by overnight incubation at 37° C. with 1unit PNgase F (Roche)/μg antibody, followed by purification on proteinA.

Samples were analysed for concentration of IgG by nephelometry andabsorbance at 280 nm.

Example 41 Purification of Recombinant Fab Antibodies by Metal AffinityChromatography

Talon beads (Clontech) were used for purification of the A77-Fab,2F8-Fab and cMet-Fab antibodies.

Before use, the beads were equilibrated with 1× equilibration/washbuffer pH 7.0 (50 mM sodium phosphate and 300 mM NaCl) followed byincubation with the culture supernatant containing the Fab antibody. Thebeads were washed with 1× equilibration/wash buffer to remove aspecificbound proteins and the His-tagged protein was eluted with 1× elutionbuffer (50 mM sodium phosphate, 300 mM NaCl and 150 mM Imidazole) at pH5.0. Incubation was done batch wise, whereas washing and elution weredone in packed columns using centrifugation (2 minutes at 700 g). Theeluted protein was desalted on a PD-10 column by exchanging to PBS. Theyield of purified protein was determined by measuring the absorbance at280 nm using the theoretic absorbance coefficient as calculated from theamino acid sequence. Purified proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, theprotein migrated as one band at the expected size.

Example 42 Non-Reduced SDS-PAGE Analysis of 7D8-IgG4 and 7D8-HGAntibodies

After purification, the CD20 specific antibodies 7D8-IgG1 (IgG1anti-CD20) 7D8-IgG4 (IgG4 anti-CD20) and 7D8-HG (hingeless IgG4anti-CD20) were analysed on non-reducing SDS-PAGE.

The Bis-Tris electrophoresis method used is a modification of theLaemmli method (Laemmli UK, Nature 227, 6801 (1970)), where the sampleswere run at neutral pH. The SDS-PAGE gels were stained with Coomassieand digitally imaged using the GeneGenius (Synoptics, Cambridge, UK).

As can be seen in FIG. 1, 7D8-IgG1 showed 1 major bind representing thefull length tetrameric (2 heavy and two light chains) 7D8 IgG1 molecule.7D8-IgG4 shows to have besides the major band representing thetetrameric IgG4 molecule a substantial amount of half-molecules (i.e.one heavy band one light chain) as has been described in literature(Schuurman Jet. al., Mol Immunol 38, 1 (2001); Angal S et al., MolImmunol 30, 105 (1993); Colcher D et al., Cancer Res 49, 1738 (1989);King DJ et al., Biochem J 281(Pt 2), 317 (1992); Petersen J G et al., JBiol Chem 249, 5633 (1974)). The hingeless IgG4 molecule 7D8-HG is shownto be only half-molecules.

Example 43 Mass Spectrometry of 7D8-HG

For Mass Spectrometry by Nanospray technique the samples wereconcentrated and buffer was exchanged to 20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.2using Millipore Microcon YM-30 concentrators. Subsequently,approximately 100 μg IgG was digested for 16 hours at 37° C. with 1 UN-glycosidase F (Roche, cat. no. 1365177) to release the N-linkedglycans.

Samples were desalted off-line using a C4 micro-trap cartridge andeluted in 30% propanol/5% acetic acid. Molecular weight analysis wasperformed using nanospray Electrospray-MS using a Q-TOF (Waters, Almere,the Netherlands). The instrument was calibrated usingglu-fibrinopeptide. Masslynx 4.0 software was used to deconvolute themultiply-charged data obtained.

A further aliquot of the sample was reduced using dithiothreitol. Theproducts of reduction were desalted off-line using a C4 microtrap andanalyzed as described above.MS analysis of 7D8-HG under reducingconditions showed a light chain mass of 23440 dalton which is consistentwith the predicted light chain mass of 23440 dalton. No mass of theheavy chain was detected, probably because of precipitation of the heavychain.

MS analysis under non-reduced conditions showed a predominant mass of71520 dalton, which correlates well with the predicted mass (71522dalton) of a half-molecule (combining one heavy and one light chain)missing the hinge. A tiny amount of a product with a mass of 143041dalton was observed, probably representing a tetrameric molecule with ahingeless heavy chain.

Example 44 Mass Spectometry Peptide Mapping of 7D8-HG

An aliquot (25 μg) of 7D8-HG was digested with CNBr for 5 hours at roomtemperature. The CNBr digested sample was freeze-dried and thenredissolved in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate buffer adjusted to pH 8.4 with10% aq. ammonia and digested with TPCK-treated trypsin for 5 hours at37° C. The products of digestion were lyophilized and reduction wasperformed on the digested lyophilized sample using a 20 times molarexcess of dithiothreitol (DTT) in Tris-acetate buffer at pH 8.5. Theproducts of the reaction were analyzed by on-line LC/ES-MS using a C18column. Elution was carried out using aqueous formic acid and anacetonitrile gradient. Detection of masses occurred with a LCT PremierElectrospray mass spectrometer, calibrated over the range of m/z 250 to3000.

A tryptic peptide with a mass of 2026.2 Da corresponding to thetheoretic mass of the hingeless specific peptide 220 VAPEFLGGPSVFLFPPKPK238 was detected (FIG. 2). The identity of this peptide was confirmed bynanospray MS and MS/MS (FIGS. 3 and 4).

This result shows that the 7D8-HG antibody does not contain a hingeregion.

Example 45

Molecular Mass Distribution from Sedimentation Velocity by AnalyticalUltracentrifuge (AUC) Experiments of 7D8-HG.

A 1 mg/ml sample of 7D8-HG in PBS was send to Nanolytics (Dalgow,Germany) for AUC analysis. A dominant population of 7D8-HG sedimentswith a velocity of 6.7 S (95%) was identified. A distinct aggregate wasfound at 11.5 S (2%). The rest of the material was found in higheraggregates.

The sedimentation coefficient of the major fraction indicates that7D8-HG in PBS predominantly occurs as a dimer with a frictional ratio of1.4.

Apparently 7D8-HG forms a dimer by low affinity non-covalentinteractions, presumably in the C_(H)3 region (Saphire, Stanfield et al.2002). This dimerization process can be inhibited by using HG moleculesin the presence of an excess of irrelevant antibodies (see example 54)

Saphire, E. O., R. L. Stanfield, et al. (2002). “Contrasting IgGstructures reveal extreme asymmetry and flexibility.” J Mol Biol 319(1):9-18.

Example 46 Functional Analysis of 7D8-IgG1, 7D8-IgG4 and 7D8-HGAntibodies

Binding to the CD20 antigen of these CD20 specific antibodies wasexamined by flow cytometry. NSO/CD20 transfected cells (50,000 cells/50μl) were washed in FACS buffer (FB: PBS, 0.05% BSA, 0.02% NaN₃) andincubated in V-bottom 96-well plates with the test antibodies (50 μl at4° C. for 30 min). After washing, goat F(ab)₂ anti-humanIgG-kappalabeled with PE (Southern Biotechnology, cat No: 2062-09,www.southernbiotech.com) was added to the cells. Cells were washed in FBand cells were collected in FACS tubes in a total volume of 150 μl.Samples were measured and analyzed by use of FACScalibur™ (BectonDickinson, San Diego, Calif., USA).

As can be seen in FIG. 5, all three antibodies were antigen specific andshowed good binding to CD20.

In order to determine binding of C1q (the first component of theclassical complement cascade) to 7D1-IgG1, 7D8-IgG4 and 7D8-HG an ELISAwas performed. In short, microtiter ELISA plates (Greiner, Germany) werecoated overnight at RT with the test antibodies serially diluted from 10μg/ml to 0.06 μg/ml in PBS. Plates were emptied and wells were blockedwith 200 μl ELISA-diluent per well (0.1 M NaPO4, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.1%gelatin and 0.05% Tween-20), at RT for 30 minutes. Subsequently, plateswere emptied and wells were incubated with 2 μg/ml human C1q (Quidel,lot #900848) in C1q buffer (PBS supplemented with 0.1% w/v gelatine and0.05% v/v Tween-20, 100 μl/well, 37° C., 1 hour). Plates were washedthree times with PBST and wells were incubated with rabbit anti-humanC1q (DAKO, A0136), diluted in C1q buffer (100 μl/well, RT, 1 h). Afterwashing the plates (3×) with PBST, wells were incubated withHRP-conjugated swine anti-rabbit IgG-Fc (DAKO, P0300, lot #069) dilutedin ELISA diluent (1:2500, 100 μl/well, RT, 1 hour). Thereafter, plateswere washed thrice and assays were developed with freshly prepared 1mg/ml ABTS solution (ABTS:2,2′-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]); 2 tablets of 5mg in 10 ml ABTS buffer, Boehringer Mannheim, Ingelheim, Germany) at RTin the dark for 30 minutes. Absorbance was measured at 405 nm in anELISA plate reader (Biotek Instruments Inc., Winooski, USA).

As can be seen in FIG. 6, C1q did not bind to both 7D8-IgG4 and 7D8-HG.As a control C1q binding to 7D8-IgG1 was evaluated which showedconcentration dependent binding of C1q.

To further investigate the complement properties of the CD20-specificantibodies, the complement-dependent cellular toxicity was examined.After harvesting, Daudi cells (ATCC, www.ATCC.org) were washed trice inPBS and resuspended at 2×10⁶ cells/ml in RPMI 1640, supplemented with 1%(w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA; Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Then, cellswere put in a 96-well round-bottom plate at 1.0×10⁵ cells/well in avolume of 50 μl. The same volume of antibody (highest concentration 10μg/ml, diluted in RPMI 1640 and 1% BSA) was added to the wells andincubated for 15 minutes at room temperature (RT). Then 25 μl normalhuman serum (NHS) was added and the cells were incubated at 37° C. for45 minutes. Heat-inactivated serum (serum ΔT) is NHS which has beenincubated for 10 minutes on 56° C. After incubation for 45 minutes,cells were resuspended transferred to FACS tubes (Greiner). Then, 10 μlpropidium iodide (PI; Sigma-Aldrich Chemie B.V.) was added (10 μg/mlsolution) to this suspension. Lysis was detected by flow cytometry(FACScalibur™, Becton Dickinson, San Diego, Calif., USA) by measurementof the number of dead cells (PI-positive cells).

As can be seen in FIG. 7A, 7D8-IgG1 showed good lysis of daudi cellswhereas both 7D8-IgG4 and 7D8-HG showed a decreased lysis of Daudicells.

To evaluate the role of serum, heat-inactivated serum (serum ΔT) wasadded to cells incubated with 10 μg antistof. FIG. 7B showed that theinduction of lysis was dependent on complement-active serum, addition ofheat-inactivated serum resulted in no lysis.

Example 47 Non-Reduced SDS-PAGE Analysis of Betv1-HG Antibody

After purification, the Betv1-HG (hingeless IgG4 anti-Bet v1) wasanalysed on non-reducing SDS-PAGE. The used Bis-Tris electrophoresismethod is a modification of the Laemmli method the samples were run atneutral pH. The SDS-PAGE gels were stained with Coomassie and digitallyimaged using the GeneGenius (Synoptics, Cambridge, UK).

As can be seen in FIG. 8, Betv1-HG showed 1 major bind representing ahalf-molecule (i.e. one heavy and one light chain).

Example 48 Gelfiltration of Betv1-HG Antibody

Betv1-HG was subjected to gelfiltration to investigate whether thismutant would elute as half-molecule or intact dimer. Samples (100 μl)were applied to a Superdex 200 HR 10/30 column (Amersham Biosciences,Uppsala, Sweden), which was connected to a HPLC system (AKTA explorer)from Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden. The column was firstequilibrated in PBS. Fractions of 250 μl were collected, in which Bet v1 specific IgG was measured using the antigen binding assay. The sampleswere also followed by measuring the absorption at 214 nm.

To test the antigen binding of the Bet v 1 specific antibodies, a sampleof diluted antibody was incubated overnight at room temperature with0.75 mg Protein-G sepharose (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden) in750 μl PBS/AT (PBS supplemented with 0.3% BSA, 0.1% Tween-20, 0.05%NaN3) together with 50 μl diluted¹²⁵I-labelled Bet v 1 or¹²⁵I-labelledFel d 1. Bet v 1 was iodinated by the chloramine-T method with carrierfree¹²⁵I (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden) as described inAalberse et al. (Serological aspects of IgG4 antibodies. 1983.130:722-726). After washing the Sepharose suspension with PBS-T (PBSsupplemented with 0.1% Tween-20), the bound radioactivity was measured.The results were expressed as the amount of radioactivity relative tothe amount added.

The Bet v 1 binding activity of the hingeless Betv1-HG eluted in onepeak, which was more retained than the elution peak of purifiedBetv1-IgG4 (IgG4 anti Bet v 1) containing an intact hinge (FIG. 9).Calibration of this column using globular proteins showed that theBetv1-HG eluted in fractions corresponding to proteins with a molecularsize of ˜-70 kD (data not shown). These data support our observationsthat hingeless IgG4 exists as half-molecules and, in contrast toreported hingeless IgG1 and IgG4 molecules (Silverton EW et al., ProcNatl Acad Sci USA 74, 5140 (1977); Rajan SS et al., Mol Immunol 20, 787(1983); Horgan C et al., J Immunol 150, 5400 (1993)), does not associatevia non-covalent interactions into tetrameric molecules.

Example 49 Functional Characterization of Betv1-IgG4 and Betv1-HGAntibodies

Previously was shown that, in contrast to serum-derived antigen specificIgG4, in vitro produced monoclonal IgG4 antibodies are able to crosslinkantigen like IgG1 antibodies and are therefore bivalent antibodies(Schuurman J et al., Immunology 97, 693 (1999); Aalberse R C et al.,Immunology 105, 9 (2002)). The ability to crosslink antigen ofBetv1-IgG1, Betv1-IgG4 and Betv1-HG was determined by a Radio ImmunoAssay using Sepharose bound Bet v 1 and¹²⁵I labelled antigen. Herefore,Birch pollen Sepharose was prepared. Briefly, Birch pollen extract(Allergon, Ängelholm, Sweden) was coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B(Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden) according to the instructions ofthe manufacturer. Subsequently, the Sepharose was resuspended in PBSsupplemented with 0.3% BSA, 0.1% Tween-20, 0.05% NaN₃.

To examine the ability of the antibody to crosslink Sepharose boundantigen to¹²⁵I labelled antigen, 50 μl of diluted antibody was incubatedovernight at room temperature with 750 μl Sepharose in PBS/AT. Next, theSepharose suspension was washed with PBS-T, after which the suspensionwas incubated overnight at room temperature with 50 μl diluted¹²⁵Ilabelled Bet v1 in a total volume of 750 μl PBS/AT. Finally, theSepharose was washed with PBS-T and bound radioactivity was measured.The results were expressed as the amount of radioactivity bound relativeto the amount of radiolabel added.

As can be seen in FIG. 10, all three antibodies were antigen specificand showed good binding to radiolabelled Betv1.

In FIG. 11 is shown that Betv1-IgG1 and Betv1-IgG4 are able to crosslinkSepharose-bound Bet v 1 to radiolabelled Bet v 1. The IgG1 and IgG4antibody behave as bivalent antibodies. The Betv1-HG antibody was notable to crosslink the Betv1 antigen and therefore demonstratedmonovalent binding.

Example 50 Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of an IgG4 Hingeless MutantAntibody, Compared to Normal IgG1, IgG4 and IgG1 Fragments.

Twenty-five SCID mice (C.B-17/IcrCrl-scid-BR, Charles-River) with bodyweights between 24 and 27 g were used for the experiment. The mice werehoused in a barrier unit of the Central Laboratory Animal Facility(Utrecht, The Netherlands) and kept in filter-top cages with water andfood provided ad libitum. All experiments were approved by the UtrechtUniversity animal ethics committee.

Monoclonal antibodies were administered intravenously via the tail vein.50 μl blood samples were collected from the saphenal vein at 1 hour, 4hours, 24 hours, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days afteradministration. Blood was collected into heparin containing vials andcentrifuged for 5 minutes at 10,000 g. Plasma was stored at −20° C. fordetermination of mAb concentrations.

In this experiment the clearance of the hingeless IgG4 variant (7D8-HG,lot 570-003-EP) was compared with that of normal human IgG4 (7D8-IgG4,lot 570-002-EP), a IgG1 variant (7D8-IgG1, lot 793-001-EP), F(ab)₂(7D8-G1-F(ab′)₂, lot 815-004-XX) and Fab fragments (7D8-G1-Fab,815-003-X) of the latter mAb. Each antibody was administered to 5 mice,at a dose of □0.1 mg in 200 μl per mouse.

Human IgG concentrations were determined using a sandwich ELISA. MousemAb anti-human IgG-kappa clone MH19-1 (#M1272, CLB Sanquin, TheNetherlands), coated to 96-well Microlon ELISA plates (Greiner, Germany)at a concentration of 100 ng/well was used as capturing antibody. Afterblocking plates with PBS supplemented with 2% chicken serum, sampleswere added, serially diluted in ELISA buffer (PBS supplemented with0.05% Tween 20 and 2% chicken serum), and incubated on a plate shakerfor 1 h at room temperature (RT). Plates were subsequently incubatedwith peroxidase-labeled F(ab′)₂ fragments of goat anti-human IgGimmunoglobulin (#109-035-097, Jackson, West Grace, PA) and developedwith 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS;Roche, Mannheim, Germany). Absorbance was measured in a microplatereader (Biotek, Winooski, Vt.) at 405 nm.

SCID mice were chosen because they have low plasma IgG concentrationsand therefore relatively slow clearance of IgG. This provides a PK modelthat is very sensitive for detecting accelerated clearance due todiminished binding of the Fcγ-part to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn).

Pharmacokinetic analysis was done by determining the area under thecurve (AUC) from the concentration—time curves, with tailcorrection. Theplasma clearance rate was calculated as Dose/AUC (ml/day). Statisticaltesting was performed using GraphPad PRISM vs. 4 (Graphpad Software).

FIG. 12 shows a semilogarithmic plot of the concentrations in time. Theinitial plasma concentrations were in the same order for all intact mAbs85-105 ug/ml, including the hingeless variant. These initialconcentrations correspond to a central distribution volume of about 1ml, which is consistent with distribution into the plasma compartment ofthe mice. For the F(ab′)₂ and Fab fragments lower initial concentrationswere observed, 75 and 4 ug/ml, respectively. For the Fab fragments thisis likely due to rapid extravascular distribution within the first hourafter administration.

FIG. 13 shows the clearance rates calculated for the individual mice.The clearance rate of the hingeless variant was 3 to 4 times higher thanthat of normal IgG1 and IgG4. However, it was more than 10 times slowerthan that of F(ab′)₂ fragments and more than 200 times slower than theclearance of Fab fragments.

Example 51 Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of an IgG4 Hingeless MutantAntibody Compared to Normal IgG4 and IgG1 F(ab)2 Fragments inImmune-Competent Mice.

Twelve 8-week old Balb/c mice (Balb/CAnNCrl, Charles-River) were usedfor the experiment. The mice were housed in a barrier unit of theCentral Laboratory Animal Facility (Utrecht, The Netherlands) and keptunder sterile conditions in filter-top cages with water and foodprovided ad libitum. All experiments were approved by the UtrechtUniversity animal ethics committee.

Monoclonal antibodies were administered intravenously via the tail vein.50 μl blood samples were collected from the saphenal vein at 1 hour, 4hours, 24 hours, 3 days, 7 days, and 10 days after administration. Bloodwas collected into heparin containing vials and centrifuged for 5minutes at 10,000 g. Plasma was stored at −20° C. for determination ofmAb concentrations.

In this experiment the plasma clearance rate of the hingeless IgG4variant (7D8-HG, lot 570-003-EP) was compared with that of normal humanIgG4 (7D8-IgG4, lot 570-002-EP), a F(ab′)₂ fragments from 7D8 IgG1(7D8-G1-F(ab′)₂, lot 815-004-XX). Each antibody was administered to 4mice, at a dose of □0.1 mg in 200 μl per mouse, corresponding to a doseof 4 mg per kg of body weight.

Human IgG plasma concentrations were determined using a sandwich ELISA.Mouse mAb anti-human IgG-kappa clone MH19-1 (#M1272, CLB Sanquin, TheNetherlands), coated to 96-well Microlon ELISA plates (Greiner, Germany)at a concentration of 100 ng/well was used as capturing antibody. Afterblocking plates with PBS supplemented with 2% chicken serum, sampleswere added, serially diluted in ELISA buffer (PBS supplemented with0.05% Tween 20 and 2% chicken serum), and incubated on a plate shakerfor 1 h at room temperature (RT). After washing, the plates weresubsequently incubated with peroxidase-labeled F(ab′)₂ fragments of goatanti-human IgG immunoglobulin (#109-035-097, Jackson, West Grace, PA)and developed with 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) (ABTS; Roche, Mannheim, Germany). Absorbance was measured in amicroplate reader (Biotek, Winooski, VT) at 405 nm.

Balb/c mice were chosen because they have normal IgG production andtherefore faster clearance of IgG than SCID mice. This provides a mousemodel in which the administered antibodies have to compete withendogenous mouse IgG for binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn).

FIG. 15 shows a semilogarithmic plot of the concentrations in time. Theinitial plasma concentrations were all in the order of 100 μg/ml, whichis consistent with an initial distribution into the plasma compartmentof the mice. The clearance of the hingeless IgG4 variant was onlyslightly faster than that of normal IgG4. Importantly, the clearance ofthe hingeless variant was much slower than that of F(ab)₂ fragments,which have a comparable molecular size.

This experiment indicates that the Fc-part has a favorable effect on theplasma residence time in mice having a normal immune system and providesan indication of a functional interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor(FcRn) also in the presence of endogenous IgG.

Example 52 Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of an IgG4 Hingeless MutantAntibody in Human IgG-Supplemented SCID Mice.

Sixteen SCID mice (C.B-17/IcrCrl-scid-BR, Charles-River) with bodyweights between 18 and 22 g were used for the experiment. The mice werehoused in a barrier unit of the Central Laboratory Animal Facility(Utrecht, The Netherlands) and kept under sterile conditions infilter-top cages with water and food provided ad libitum. Allexperiments were approved by the Utrecht University animal ethicscommittee.

Immunodeficient SCID mice were chosen for studying the pharmacokineticsof the hingeless IgG4 variant, because these mice do not developantibody responses to human proteins which may affect clearance studieswith durations of more than one week. These IgG-deficient mice weresupplemented with a high dose of intravenous immunoglobulin (humanmultidonor polyclonal IgG) to study the clearance of hingeless IgG4mutant in the presence of human IgG at physiologically relevantconcentrations. This provides a mouse model which better represents theconditions in humans, because 1) association of hingeless IgG4 into abivalent form is prevented by the presence of IVIG, and 2) hingelessIgG4 has to compete with other IgG for binding to the neonatal Fcreceptor (FcRn)¹. Binding to FcRn protects IgG from intracellulardegradation after endocytosis and is responsible for its long plasmahalf-life. ¹Bazin R, et al. Use of hu-IgG-SCID mice to evaluate the invivo stability of human monoclonal IgG antibodies. J Immunol Methods,1994;172: 209-17.

In this model the plasma clearance was studied of variants from thehuman CD20 specific human mAb clone 7D8. The clearance rate of thehingeless IgG4 variant (7D8-HG, lot 992-001-EP) was compared with thatof normal human IgG4 (7D8-IgG4, lot 992-002-EP), of F(ab′)₂ fragmentsfrom 7D8 IgG1 (7D8-F(ab′)₂, lot 892-020-XX). In addition, a preparationof the hingeless variant tested that was enzymatically deglycosylated(TH3001-7D8-HG deglyc, lot 991-004-EP). Each antibody was administeredto 4 mice via the tail vein, at a dose of □0.1 mg in 200 μl,corresponding to a dose of about 5 mg per kg of body weight. Themonoclonal antibodies were administered in a 1:1 mixture withIntravenous Immunoglobulin (60 mg/ml, Sanquin, The Netherlands,JFK108ST, charge# 04H04H443A). The total injected volume was 400μI/mouse, giving an IVIG dose of 12.5 mg per mouse.

Fifty μl blood samples were collected from the saphenal vein at 15minutes, 5 hours, 24 hours, 2 days, 3 days, 7 days, and 10 days afteradministration. Blood was collected into heparin containing vials andcentrifuged for 10 minutes at 14,000 g. Plasma was stored at −20° C. fordetermination of mAb concentrations. Plasma concentrations of the 7D8variants were determined using a sandwich ELISA. A mouse mAbanti-7D8-idiotype antibody (clone 2F2 SAB 1.1 (LD2), lot 0347-028-EP)was used as capturing antibody. After blocking plates with PBSsupplemented with 0.05% Tween and 2% chicken serum, samples were added,serially diluted in ELISA buffer (PBS supplemented with 0.05% Tween 20and 2% chicken serum), and incubated on a plate shaker for 2 h at roomtemperature (RT). The infused antibodies were used as reference. Afterwashing, the plates were subsequently incubated with peroxidase-labeledgoat anti-human F(ab′)₂ specific (109-035-097, Jackson lmmunoresearch,West Grace, Pa.) and developed with 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS; Roche, Mannheim,Germany). Absorbance was measured in a microplate reader (Biotek,Winooski, Vt.) at 405 nm. Total human IgG plasma concentrations weredetermined using a similar ELISA. Mouse mAb anti-human IgG-kappa cloneMH16 (#M1268, CLB Sanquin, The Netherlands) was used as capturingantibody. Peroxidase-labeled goat anti-human IgG immunoglobulin(#109-035-098, Jackson, West Grace, Pa.) was used for detection.

Pharmacokinetic analysis was done by determining the area under thecurve (AUC) from the concentration—time curves, with tail correction.The plasma clearance rate was calculated as Dose/AUC (ml/day).Statistical testing was performed using GraphPad PRISM vs. 4 (GraphpadSoftware).

FIG. 20 shows in the upper panel semi-logarithmic plots of theconcentrations of the mAb 7D8 variants in time and in the lower panelthe total human IgG concentrations. The initial total human IgGconcentrations were on average 2.3 mg/ml and declined to 0.47 mg/mlafter 10 days. The initial plasma concentrations of 7D8 IgG4 and IgG4 HGvariants were in the range of 94 to 180 μg/ml, which is consistent withan initial distribution into the plasma compartment of the mice. For theF(ab′)₂ fragments the initial concentrations were somewhat lower, onaverage 62 μg/ml. The upper panel makes clear that the clearance of thehingeless variant, including the deglycosylated preparation, is somewhatfaster than that of intact IgG4, but much slower than that of F(ab′)₂fragments. The table below shows the clearance rates calculated from theconcentration-time curves. The clearance rate of the hingeless variantwas 2 to 3 times higher than that of normal IgG4. However, it was almost10 times slower than that of F(ab′)₂ fragments. Importantly,deglycosylation had no significant effect on the rate of clearance ofthe hingeless IgG4 variant.

PLASMA CLEARANCE RATE IgG1 IgG4 HG (D/AUC) in ml/day per kg F(ab′)2 IgG4IgG4 HG deglyc Mean 380 14 39 29 Lower 95% CI of mean 346 12 25 19 Upper95% CI of mean 415 17 53 38 Number of values 4 4 4 4Thus, also in the presence of human IgG in physiologically relevantconcentrations the clearance of the hingeless variant is much slowerthan that of F(ab′)2 fragments, which have a comparable molecular size.This experiment demonstrates that, also in the presence of competinghuman IgG at physiologically relevant concentrations, the hingeless IgG4variant is capable of functional interaction with the neonatal Fcreceptor (FcRn). Furthermore, this experiment indicates that theglycosylation of the hingeless IgG4 variant does not affect plasmaclearance and that non-glycosylated hingeless IgG4 has a similarhalf-life in vivo as the fully glycosylated from.

Example 53 Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of an IgG4 Hingeless MutantAntibody Compared to Normal IgG4 and IgG1 F(ab)₂ Fragments in FcRn −/−Mice.

This experiment was performed to investigate whether the IgG4 hingelessmutant is capable of interacting with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn),which is responsible for the long plasma half-life of IgG by protectingIgG from intracellular degradation after endocytosis. B2M knockout micewere used in this experiment because they do not express FcRn.

Twelve female C57Bl/6 B2M knockout mice (Taconic model B2MN12-M,referred to as FcRn−/− mice), and twelve female C57Bl/6 wild typecontrol mice (Taconic, model nr. B6, referred to as WT mice) were usedfor the experiment. The mice were housed in a barrier unit of theCentral Laboratory Animal Facility (Utrecht, The Netherlands) and keptin filter-top cages with water and food provided ad libitum. Allexperiments were approved by the Utrecht University animal ethicscommittee.

The plasma clearance was studied of variants from the human CD20specific human mAb clone 7D8. The clearance rate of the hingeless IgG4variant (7D8-HG, lot 992-001-EP) was compared with that of normal humanIgG4 (7D8-IgG4, lot 992-002-EP), F(ab′)₂ fragments from 7D8-IgG1(7D8-G1-F(ab′)₂, lot 892-020-XX).

Monoclonal antibodies were administered intravenously via the tail vein.Each antibody was administered to 4 mice at a dose of □0.1 mg in 200 μlper mouse, corresponding to a dose of 5 mg per kg of body weight. FiftyμI blood samples were collected from the saphenal vein at 10 minutes, 5hours, 24 hours, 2 days, 3 days, 7 days, and 10 days afteradministration. Blood was collected into heparin containing vials andcentrifuged for 10 minutes at 14,000 g. Plasma was stored at −20° C. fordetermination of mAb concentrations. Human IgG plasma concentrationswere determined using a sandwich ELISA in which mouse mAb anti-humanIgG-kappa clone MH19-1 (#M1272, CLB Sanquin, The Netherlands), coated to96-well Microlon ELISA plates (Greiner, Germany) at 100 ng/well was usedas capturing antibody. After blocking plates with ELISA buffer (PBSsupplemented with 0.05% Tween and 2% chicken serum), samples were added,serially diluted in ELISA buffer. Serial dilutions of the correspondinginfused antibody preparations were used as reference. After incubationand washing, the plates were incubated with peroxidase-labeledAffiniPure Goat Anti-Human IgG, F(ab′)₂ Fragment Specific (#109-035-097,Jackson lmmunoresearch, West Grace, Pa.) and developed with2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS; Roche,Mannheim, Germany). Absorbance was measured in a microplate reader(Biotek, Winooski, Vt.) at 405 nm. Pharmacokinetic analysis was done bydetermining the area under the curve (AUC) from the concentration—timecurves, with tail correction. The plasma clearance rate was calculatedas Dose/AUC (ml/day). Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPadPRISM vs. 4 (Graphpad Software).

FIG. 21 shows a semi-logarithmic plot of the concentrations in time. Theinitial plasma concentrations were all in the order of 100 μg/ml, whichis consistent with an initial distribution in the plasma compartment ofthe mice. The table below shows the plasma clearance rates calculatedfrom the concentration-time curves of individual mice.

PLASMA CLEARANCE RATE F(ab′)2 F(ab′)2 IgG4 IgG4 IgG4 HG IgG4 HG ml/dayper kg WT FcRn−/− WT FcRn−/− WT FcRn−/− Mean 183 159 12 45 15 83 Std.Deviation 19 19 10 3 4 29 Number of values 4 4 4 4 4 4 Significancedifference: Pvalue 0.1265 ns 0.0009*** 0.0033** (t-test)

For F(ab′)₂ fragments no significant differences were observed betweenwild type (WT) and knockout (FcRn−/−) mice. In contrast, for IgG4 andthe hingeless IgG4 variant the clearance rates were 3 to 5 times slowerin the WT mice compared to that in FcRn −/− mice. This experiment showsthat the presence of FcRn has a favorable effect on the plasma residencetime of hingeless IgG4. Therefore, it provides evidence that hingelessIgG4 is capable having a functional interaction with FcRn in vivo, whichexplains its favorable plasma half-life.

Example 54 Functional Analysis of 2F8-HG Anti-EGFr mAb

MAb 2F8 is a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) against humanEpidermal Growth Factor receptor (EGFr) which is capable to inhibit EGFrsignalling by blocking binding of ligands. From this mAb an IgG4variant, 2F8-IgG4, was made and also a hingeless variant, 2F8-HG.

In the present example, we compared the potency of 2F8-HG with that of2F8-IgG1 and 2F8-Fab fragments to inhibit ligand-induced EGFrphosphorylation in cells in vitro. This was done both with and withoutaddition of Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG), a polyclonal human IgGpreparation, containing all IgG subclasses.

Inhibition of EGFr phosphorylation was measured in a two-step assayusing the epidermoid cell line, A431 (ATCC, American Type CultureCollection, Manassas, USA). The cells were cultured overnight in96-wells plates in serum-free medium containing 0.5% human albumin(human albumin 20%, Sanquin, the Netherlands). Next, mAb were added inserial dilution, with or without IVIG (Immunoglobuline I.V., Sanquin) ata fixed final concentration of either 100 or 1000 μg/ml. After 60minutes incubation at 37° C., 50 ng/ml recombinant human EGF (Biosource)was added to induce activation of non-blocked EGFr. Following anadditional 30 minutes incubation, cells were solubilized with lysisbuffer (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, Mass.), and the lysates weretransferred to ELISA plates coated with 1 μg/ml of mouse anti-EGF-Rantibodies (mAb EGFR1, BD Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.). After 2 hoursincubation at RT, the plates were washed and binding of phosphorylatedEGF-R was detected using a europium-labelled mouse mAb, specific forphosphorylated tyrosines (mAb Eu-N1 P-Tyr-100, PerkinElmer). Finally,DELFIA enhancement solution was added, and time-resolved fluorescencewas measured by exciting at 315 nm and measuring emission at 615 nm onan EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer). Sigmoidal dose-response curveswere calculated using non-linear regression (GraphPad Prism 4).

As can be seen in the upper panel of FIG. 14, 2F8-HG was equallyeffective as 2F8-IgG1 in inhibiting phosphorylation when culture mediumwas used without addition IVIG. Both mAb were more potent than 2F8-Fabfragments, which bind monovalently to EGFr. The middle and lower panelsof FIG. 14 show that addition of IVIG had negligible effect on 2F8-IgG4and 2F8-Fab. However, it markedly right-shifted the dose-response curveof 2F8-HG, indicating a change in binding characteristics, which isconsistent with the idea that under certain conditions 2F8-HG may behaveas a bivalent antibody, but dissociates into a monovalent form in thepresence of polyclonal human IgG.

Example 55 Proof of Principle: IgG4 Hingeless Against CD89 (CD89-HG)Inhibits IgE-Mediated Asthma in a Mouse Model

Pasquier et al. (Pasquier, B et al., Immunity 22, 31 (2005)) showed thatFcαRI (CD89 (Monteiro RC et al., Annu Rev Immunol 21, 177 (2003)) hasboth an anti- and proinflammatory role. Aggregation of FcαRI leads tocell activation by recruitment of Syk and aborting SHP-1 binding. Amonomeric interaction with FcαRI inhibits the activating response: SHP-1is being recruited and impairment of Syk, LAT and ERK phosphorylationoccurs.

Fab fragments of an anti-CD89 antibody (clone A77) could inhibitIgG-mediated phagocytosis using human monocytes. Furthermore,IgE-mediated responses in vitro using FcαRI transfected RBL-2H3 cellsand in vivo in an IgE-mediated asthma model were inhibited by Fabfragments of this anti-CD89 antibody. In this animal model,FcαRI-transgenic mice (Launay P et al., J Exp Med 191, 1999 (2000)) weresensitized with TNP-OVA. Mice challenged intranasally with IgE-TNP-OVAimmune complexes in the presence of A77 Fab-fragments showed reducedbronchial reactivity to methacholine whereas and irrelevant Fab-fragmentcould reduce the bronchial hyperreactivity.

Proof on principle in vitro of an antigen specific, non-crosslinking,monovalent, non-activating antibody is obtained in the followingexperiment. Adherent PBMC are incubated with 10 μg/ml A77-HG (IgG4hingeless) preincubated 24 h with or without irrelevant IgG4 (Genmab BV)or incubated with irrelevant HG antibody for 30 min at 37° C., washed,and incubated at 37° C. for 30 min with Texas-red-conjugated E. coli (50bacteria/cell) (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) opsonized or not withpolyclonal rabbit anti-E. coli IgG antibodies according to themanufacturer's instructions. Slides are mounted and examined with aconfocal laser microscope. The PBMC receiving opsonized E. coli andA77-HG (pre-incubated with irrelevant IgG4) show reduced phagocytosis ofE. coli when compared to PMBC receiving opsonized E. coli and control-HGantibody.

FcαRI-transgenic mice are sensitized with TNP-OVA as described (PasquierB et al., Immunity 22, 31 (2005)); or alternatively with OVA asdescribed by Deurloo et al. (Deurloo D T et al., Clin Exp Allergy 33,1297 (2003)). Human FcαRI transgenic mice and littermate controls areimmunized twice on day 0 and day 7 intraperitonally with TNP-OVA or OVA(Sigma) in aluminium hydroxide. Mice are challenged intranasally for afew consecutive days with either TNP-OVA complexed with 20 μganti-DNP-IgE (Zuberi, R I et al., J Immunol 164, 2667 (2000)) or OVAaerosol (Deurloo D T et al., Clin Exp Allergy 33, 1297 (2003)) in thepresence of A77-HG (IgG₄ hingeless) or an irrelevant hingeless antibody(control-HG).

The mice receive 50 μg A77-HG or control-HG intraperitoneally twice,once during the challenge period and once with the last intranasalchallenge. Twelve hours after the final intranasal challenge, the miceare placed in a whole-body plethysmograph chamber (BUXCO Electronics,Sharon Conn., USA), and 300 mM methacholine delivered. Airway resistenceis measured after exposure to methacholine. Immunohistologicalevaluation is performed on lung sections after euthanizing the mice.

The mice receiving A77-HG show a reduced hyper reactivity when comparedto the mice receiving the control-HG antibody.

This indicates that a hingeless IgG4 molecule is non-crosslinking,monovalent and non-activating and therefore useful for therapeuticpurposes where such inert antibody may be favourable such as in theinhibition of inflammatory reactions through FcαRI.

Example 56

Proof of Concept Study with Hingeless IgG4 cMet (cMet-HG)

The receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met is prominently expressed on a widevariety of epithelial cells. During embryogenesis, cMet and HepatocyteGrowth factor/Scatter factor (HGF/SF) are involved in tissue-specificdifferentiation, leading to a proper organization of epithelial cells,muscle endothelium, and the nervous and hematopoietic systems. AbnormalcMet signalling has been implicated in tumorogenesis, particularly inthe development of invasive and metastatic tumors. As a consequence ofenhanced cMet activity, tumor cells may increase their growth rate andbecome resistant to apoptosis, resulting in a growth and/or survivaladvantage. Furthermore, cMet activation may lead to cytoskeletalreorganization and integrin activation, as well as to activation ofproteolytic systems involved in extracellular matrix degradation,resulting in an increased invasive and metastatic capacity. Inhibitionof HGF/SF-cMet signaling, therefore, represents an important therapeuticavenue for the treatment of malignant tumors.

Kong-Beltran et al. in Cancer Cell (2004 volume 6, pages 75-84) raisedan antibody (5D5) to the extracellular domain of cMet and inhibited HGFbinding. The Fab fragment of anti-Met 5D5 was shown to inhibitHGF-driven cMet phosphorylation, cell motility, migration and tumorgrowth. They speculate that anti-cMet-5D5-Fab block receptordimerization by steric hindering.

MAb C6 is a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) against human cMetwhich is capable of binding with high affinity to H441 cells, activatecMet phosphorylation, induce scattering of DU-145 and block HGF bindingto cMet in ELISA. From this mAb a Fab fragment (cMet-Fab), an IgG4variant (cMet-IgG4), and also a hingeless variant was made (cMet-HG).

In a proof-of-concept study with hingeless IgG4 against cMet (cMet-HG)this monovalent antibody inhibited HGF binding, receptordimerization/activation, cell scattering, and downstream signalling.This experiment was performed both with and without addition ofIntravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG), a polyclonal human IgG preparation,containing all IgG subclasses and with and without rHGF.

DU-145 Scatter Assay

DU-145 (humane prostate carcinoma cell line, ATCC HTB-81) cells werecultured in DMEM+(containing 500 ml MEM Dulbecco (DMEM-Medium, glucose4.5 g/ml with NaHCO3, without glutamine,Sigma, D-6546), 50 ml CosmicCalf Serum (Hyclone SH30087.03), 5 ml of 200 mM/L L-glutamine (BioWhittatker, BEI 7-605F), 5 ml sodium pyruvate (Bio WhittakerBE13-115E),5 ml penicillin/streptamicin (Bio Whittaker, DE17-603E)) and weregrowing adherent clustered cells. Upon addition of rhHGF (Sigma,H-1404), migration of the cells was induced, which leads to singularizedcells. This process was called scattering. Induction or inhibition ofscattering was observed by microscopy.

-   Day 1: cMet, cMet-HG, cMet-Fab, cMet-IgG4 (30/3.0/0.3/0.03 μg/ml),    were incubated over night with and without addition of IVIG, 6    mg/ml. DU145 cells were seeded (adherent cells out of T75-culture    flask) cell culture supernatant was removed and cells were washed 1    time with 10 ml PBS 2 ml Trypsine/EDTA was added (37° C.) and cells    were incubated at 37° C. for 1-2 min. The cells were removed from    the surface of the culture flask by tapping and the Trypsine/EDTA    reaction was stopped with stored culture supernatant. The cells were    counted and a suspension was prepared of 1*10⁴cells/ml in fresh    culture medium and 50 μl/well was plated into 96-well plate (Sterile    flat bottom Costar, 3596)(final density 1000 cells/well). Cells were    cultured for 15-24 h at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ in an incubator.-   Day 2: Medium was replaced by fresh medium, 40 μl/well. 40 ul of the    preincubated antibody was added to the cells and cells were    incubated at 37° C. in an incubator for 60 min, after which 40    μl/well medium or 60 ng/ml rh-HGF was added. (Final concentrations    were: 10/1.0/0.1/0.01 μg/ml Ab, 2 mg/ml IVIG, 20 ng/ml HGF). Cells    were incubated for at least 24 h.-   Day 3 and 4: Scattering was observed double-blinded by microscope    after 24 h or after 48 h. Morphological characteristics of    scattering: cells detach from the surface, show spindle shaped forms    (migrate), and most were single cells not in clusters.

Ranking of rh-HGF induced scatter inhibition by antibodies:

3 cells were maximal scattering

2 small inhibition of scattering

1 inhibition of scattering

0 no scattering

In this experiment C6-HG pre-incubated with IVIG significantly blockedthe HGF induced scattering.

Phosphorylation of the cMet Receptor

A549 cells were cultured in Ham's F12 medium and cMet was notphosphorylated under normal culture conditions. Upon activation by HGF,the cMet receptor becomes phosphorylated. By applying cMet blockingcMet-Fab or cMet-HG with pre-incubation of IVIG the HGF mediatedphosphorylation of the receptor was inhibited.

-   Day 1: cMet-IgG1, cMet-HG (12.5 μg/ml), were incubated over night    with and without addition of IVIG, 2.5 mg/ml. A549 cells    (1*10⁶/well) were cultured in a 6 well plate.-   Day 2: The culture medium, (containing 500 ml Ham's F12 (Bio    Whittaker BE12-615F 50 ml Cosmic Calf Serum (Hyclone SH30087.03), 5    ml of 200mM/L L-glutamine (Bio Whittatker, BE17-605F), 5 ml    penicillin/streptamicin (Bio Whittaker, DE17-603E)) was removed and    800 μl of the preincubated antibody was added to the cells and cells    were incubated herewith at 37° C. in an incubator for 15 min, after    which 200 μl/well medium or 80 ng/ml rh-HGF was added. (Final    concentations were 10 μg/ml Ab, 2 mg/ml IVIG, 16 ng/ml HGF). After    incubation for another 15 min, the incubation medium was removed and    the cells were washed twice with ice cold PBS, and 250 pl RIPA lysis    buffer (containing 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 0.5% Na deoxycholate and 0.1%    Nonidet P40, 150mM NaCl, 0.1% SDS, 2 mM vanadate and Complete    (Protease inhibitor, Roche 1836170) was added, and the plate was    gently rotated for 10 min. at 4° C. The lysates were transferred    into pre-cooled tubes (Eppendorf) and centrifuged at highest speed    for 30 min. at 4° C. DNA was removed and the lysate was flash frozen    in N₂ after a fraction was used to measure BCA protein content    analysis (Pierce). Lysates were stored at −80° C. until analysis by    Western-blot. 10 μg reduced samples were undergoing electrophoresis    on 4-20% Tris-HCl Criterion Precast gel (Biorad 345-0033) and    Western blotting on a nitrocellulose membrane (Biorad 162-0114)    according standard procedures. The membrane was blocked with    blocking solution (containing5% BSA (Roche, 10735086) in TBST    (Tris-HCL 20 mM pH 7.5, NaCl 150 mM, 0.1% Tween 20) for 1.5 hours at    room temperature on a roller bank. The membrane was incubated over    night at 4° C. with 1:1000 dilution of anti-phospho-Met(pYpYpY 1230    1234 1235)-rabbit IgG, (Abcam, ab5662). After washing 6 times with    TBST, the secondary antibodies, goat-anti-rabbit-HRP, Cell    Signalling, 7074 (1:2000) in blocking reagent were incubated for 60    min. at room temperature on a roller bank. The membrane was washed 6    times with TBST. Finally the bands were developed with Luminol    Echancer stopsolution (Pierce 1856145) and analyzed on a Lumiimager.

cMet-HG pre-incubated with IVIG inhibits the HGF mediatedphosphorylation of the receptor.

FIG. 22

DU-145 cells were cultured and incubated with a serial dilution of (A)cMet-Fab, cMet-Fab and IVIG, cMet-Fab and HGF, cMet-Fab and IVIG and HGF(B) cMet-HG, cMet-HG and IVIG, cMet-HG and HGF, cMet-HG and IVIG andHGF. Scattering was observed double-blinded (scored by 14 people) bymicroscope after 48 h and the averaged score±SEM is plotted.

cMet-Fab with or without IVIG (A) and cMet-HG pre-incubated with IVIG(B) significantly blocked the HGF induced scattering dose-dependently.

FIG. 23

DU-145 cells were cultured and incubated with 10 μg/ml of (A) cMet-Fab,cMet-Fab and IVIG, cMet-Fab and HGF, cMet-Fab and IVIG and HGF (B)cMet-HG, cMet-HG and IVIG, cMet-HG and HGF, cMet-HG and IVIG and HGF.Scattering was observed double-blinded (scored by 14 people) bymicroscope after 48 h. cMet -Fab with or without IVIG and cMet-HGpre-incubated with IVIG significantly inhibited the HGF inducedscattering. For statistical analysis a two-tailed Wilcoxon signed rankedtest was done with a hypothetical median value of 3 (maximalscattering).

FIG. 24

Extracts prepared from A549 cells incubated with cMet-HG (lane 1),cMet-HG and IVIG (lane 2), cMet-HG and HGF (lane 3), cMet-HG , IVIG andHGF (lane 4), cMet-IgG1 (lane 5), cMet-IgG1 and IVIG (lane 6) wereresolved by SDS-PAGE on a 4-20% Tris-HCl Criterion Precast gel andWestern blotting on a nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane wasincubated over night at 4° C. with anti-phospho-Met(pYpYpY 1230 12341235)-rabbit IgG, (Abcam, ab5662). After washing with TBST, thesecondary antibodies, goat-anti-rabbit-HRP, Cell Signalling, 7074 inblocking reagent were incubated for 60 min. at room temperature on aroller bank. The membrane was washed 6 times with TBST. Finally thebands were developed with Luminol Echancer stop solution and analyzed ona Lumiimager. The Western blot shows a 169 Kd band indicatingphospho-Met(pYpYpY 1230 1234 1235).

Example 57 In Vitro Evaluation of an IgG4 Hingeless Mutant AntibodyTargeting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFr): Binding Avidityand Induction of Antibody Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

In this experiment an IgG4 hingeless mutant antibody targeting theEpidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFr), mAb 2F8-HG was compared to anIgG4 version, an IgG1 version and Fab fragments, referred to as2F8-IgG4, 2F8-IgG1 and 2F8-Fab, respectively. The in vitro evaluationcomprised the avidity of binding to EGFr in an ELISA and the inductionof ADCC.

ELISA. Binding affinities were determined using an ELISA in whichpurified EGF-R (Sigma, St Louis, Mo.) was coated to 96-well MicrolonELISA plates (Greiner, Germany), 50 ng/well. Plates were blocked withPBS supplemented with 0.05% Tween 20 and 2% chicken serum. Subsequently,samples, serially diluted in a buffer containing 100 μg/ml polyclonalhuman IgG (Intravenous Immunoglobulin, IVIG, Sanquin Netherlands) wereadded and incubated for 1 h at room temperature (RT). Plates weresubsequently incubated with peroxidase-conjugated rabbit-anti-humankappa light chain (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) as detecting antibody anddeveloped with 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS; Roche, Mannheim, Germany). Absorbance was measured in amicroplate reader (Biotek, Winooski, Vt.) at 405 nm.

FIG. 16 shows that the binding curves of the 2F8-HG and 2F8-Fab aresuper-imposable and clearly right-shifted with respect to the bindingcurves of IgG1 and IgG4. This difference in avidity for the EGFr coat isconsistent with the idea that, in the presence of IVIG, 2F8-HG bindsmonovalently, just like Fab fragments.

Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The capacity toinduce effector cell-dependent lysis of tumor cells was evaluated inChromium-51 (⁵¹Cr) release assay. Target A431 cells (2-5×106 cells) werelabeled with 100 μCi Na₂ ⁵¹CrO₄ (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden)under shaking conditions at 37° C. for 1 h. Cells were washed thricewith PBS and were re-suspended in culture medium 1×10⁵ cells/ml. Labeledcells were dispensed in 96 wells plates (5×10³, in 50 μl/well) andpre-incubated (RT, 30 minutes) with 50 μl of 10-fold serial dilutions ofmAb in culture medium, ranging from 20 μg/ml to 0.02 ng/ml (finalconcentrations). Culture medium was added instead of antibody todetermine the spontaneous⁵¹Cr release, tritonX100 (1% finalconcentration) was added to determine the maximal ⁵¹Cr release.Thereafter, PBMC were added to the wells (5×10⁵/well) and cells wereincubated at 37° C. overnight. The next day, supernatants were collectedfor measurement of the⁵¹Cr release by determination of the counts perminute (cpm) in a gamma counter. Percentage of cellular cytotoxicity wascalculated using the following formula:

% specific lysi =(experimental release (cpm)−spontaneous release(cpm))/(maximal release (cpm)−spontaneous release (cpm))×100

where maximal⁵¹Cr release determined by adding triton X-100 to targetcells, and spontaneous release was measured in the absence ofsensitizing antibodies and effector cells.

FIG. 17 shows that 2F8-HG induces no ADCC, like 2F8-IgG4, whereas2F8-IgG1 is very potent in this respect.

Example 58

AlgoNomics' Epibase® platform was applied to IgG4 constant hingelessmonovalent antibody. In short, the platform analyzes the HLA bindingspecificities of all possible 10-mer peptides derived from a targetsequence (Desmet et al. 1992, 1997, 2002, 2005). Profiling is done atthe allotype level for 20 DRB1, 7 DRB3/4/5, 14 DQ and 7 DP, i.e. 48 HLAclass II receptors in total.

Epibase® calculates a quantitative estimate of the free energy ofbinding ΔGbind of a peptide for each of the 48 HLA class II receptors.These data are then further processed as follows: Peptides areclassified as strong (S), medium (M),

weak and non (N) binders.

No strong and only 1 medium binding epitope was encountered within theconstant region of IgG4 hingeless monovalent antibody. This singleneo-epitope created a medium DRB1*0407 binder. DRB1*0407 is a minorallotype, present in less than 2% of the Caucasian population. Inaddition, a single epitope of medium strength is insignificant in thetotal epitope count of even the least immunogenic antibody.

In conclusion the hingeless monovalent IgG4 antibody is predicted to bevery unlikely to be immunogenic.

Example 59

Background of Studies and Materials Used in Examples 59 and 60 Presentedfor Unibody-CD4

In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to address the abilityof a human monoclonal antibody against CD4 (HuMax-CD4) to inhibit HIV-1infection. The antibody is directed against domain 1 of CD4 and overlapswith the HIV-1 gp120 binding site on CD4.

The present example (59) shows that Fab fragments of anti-CD4 antibodiesinhibits the infection of CD4-CCRS cells or CD4-CXCR4 cells by differentprimary isolates and T-cell line adapted HIV viruses. The IC50 values ofinhibition are in the range of the EC50 values of HuMax-CD4 binding tosCD4 and cell bound CD4 (data not shown), implicating inhibition ofHIV-1 envelope binding to CD4 as a mechanism of inhibition. In generalFab fragments of HuMax-CD4 inhibit with a 10 times lesser efficiencythan the whole antibody which is as expected from the difference inavidity between the Fab and the whole antibody.

Example 60 shows that in mice treated with HuMax-CD4 a lesser decline inCD4/CD8 ratio compared is observed than in IgG control treatment groups,indicating that HuMax-CD4 protects against depletion of CD4 positivecells by HIV-1. Furthermore, HuMax-CD4 treatment leads to a decrease inthe amount of HIV-1 RNA copies in the blood in time, whereas the IgGcontrol treatment does not induce this decrease. The in vitro dataindicate that anti-CD4 antibodies can protect against HIV-1-induced CD4depletion, and decrease the magnitude of HIV infection and viral load.

Norris et al have published on the treatment of HIV-1 infected indivualswith a whole anti-CD4 (domain 2) antibody of the IgG4 subclass.

-   -   Efficacy results demonstrated significant antiviral activity at        primary endpoint (Week 24).    -   Durable response suggested by Week-48 results in patients        receiving TNX-355.    -   TNX-355 10 mg/kg+OBR demonstrated a 0.96 log10 reduction in        HIV-RNA from baseline at Week 48 versus 0.14 log10 decrease for        placebo+OBR (p<0.001).    -   TNX-355 15 mg/kg+OBR demonstrated a 0.71 log10 reduction in        HIV-RNA from baseline at Week 48 versus 0.14 log10 for        placebo+OBR (p=0.009).    -   Treatment with TNX-355+OBR was associated with statistically        significant and clinically-meaningful increases in CD4+αcells at        Week 48 in both the 10 mg/kg arm (+48 cells, p=0.031) and the 15        mg/kg (+51 cells, p=0.016) arms versus the placebo increase (+1        cell).

Literature

Zwick M. B., Wang M., Poignard P., Stiegler G., Katinger H., Burton D.R., and Parren P. W. H. I. 2001. Neutralization synergy of humanimmunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates by cocktails of broadlyneutralizing antibodies. J Vir 75:12198.

Poignard P., Sabbe R., Picchio G. R., Wang M., Gulizia R. J., KatingerH., Parren P. W. H. I., Mosier D. E., and Burton D. R. 1999.Neutralizing antibodies have limited effects on the control ofestablished HIV-1 infection in vivo. Immunity 10:431.

Norris D., Moralis J., Gathe J., Godafsky E., Garcias F., Hardwick R.,and Lewis S. 2006. Phase 2 efficacy and safety of the novel viral-entryinhibitor, TNX-355, in combination with optimized background regimen(OBR). XVI International AIDS Conference, Toronto, Canada.

In Vitro HIV-1 Neutralization By Humax-CD4 Whole Antibody and FabFragments of the Humax-CD4 Antibody

The method is described in detail in Zwick et al 2001. In summary, thedegree of virus neutralization by antibody was measured by luciferaseactivity. Viruses competent for a single round of replication wereproduced by cotransfections of the appropriate virus constructs in amodified pSVlllenv vector (for instance primary isolates: JR-CSF, JR-FL,SF162, ADA, YU2, 89.6, US143 and T cell line adapted virus: IIIB) andpNL4-3.1ec.R-E-. Viruses were pre-incubated with various amounts ofantibody (before addition determined to yield about 100,000 counts) toU87.CD4.CCR5 cells (primary isolates) or CD4-CXCR4 cells (for IIIB), andculturing for 3 days. The wells were washed, incubated with luciferasecell culture lysis reagent, and lysates were transferred to opaque assayplate to measure luciferase activity on a luminometer using luciferaseassay reagent. For neutralization HuMax-CD4 and Fab fragments ofHuMax-CD4 were tested.

According to the method described, the virus constructs YU2, IIIB, ADA,89.6, US143, JR-FL, JR-CSF, and SF 162 were used in the in vitroneutralization assay using the luciferase assay expression system. HIV-1IIIB is a T-cell line adapted virus, all the other viruses are primaryisolates of HIV-1. The HuMax-CD4 antibody and Fab fragments of HuMax-CD4were added in a 1:2 dilution response starting at the concentrationsindicated in FIG. 25. In FIG. 27, the curves fitted by a 4 parameterlogistic analysis are given for the HuMax-CD4 and the Fab fragments ofHuMax-CD4 and in FIG. 25 the 1050 calculated from these fits areindicated. The data show that the HuMax-CD4 antibody inhibited theinfection of all the viruses tested, and in general did this with a 10times better efficiency than the Fab fragments (exceptions are YU2 andJR-CSF). The EC50 for binding of HuMax-CD4 to sCD4 has been determinedto be about 0.3-1 nM. The 1050 values of inhibition are in the range ofthese EC50 values, indicating that receptor occupation by HuMax-CD4relates to degree of infection inhibition.

Our experiments provide proof-of-principle for an effective inhibitionof HIV-1 infection of both CXCR4 and CCR5 HIV-1 co-receptor expressingcells by monovalent binding of an anti-CD4 antibody (i.e. Fab fragment).This provides evidence that a similar inhibition could be accomplishedby a HG anti-CD4 antibody.

Example 60

Protection of CD4+ T Cell Depletion in in Vivo hu-PBMC-SCID Mouse Modelof HIV Infection

The experimental procedure is described in detail in Poignard et al1999. In summary, CB-17 SCID mice were reconstituted with about 25×10⁶normal human PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells). About two weekslater the animals were infected with HIV-1 (HIV-1_(JR-CSF)). Three dayslater the animals are treated with 1 mg/ml HuMax-CD4, or a human IgGisotype control antibody, or no treatment delivered intraperitoneally.Blood samples were taken at 1 hr, 6 hrs, day 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 13, and 15after injection, and two weeks later the animals were euthanized andFACS analysis performed to determined the % of human cells (usingH2Kd-PE and human CD3-APC) and the CD4/CD8 ratio (using CD4-PE andCD8-APC double staining). Furthermore, plasma viral load was measured bymeasuring HIV-1 RNA levels by the quantitative Roche RT PCR assay. Inaddition, with a direct sCD4 binding ELISA (coat of sCD4 on the plate,and detection by anti-Fc polyclonal antibody) the concentrations ofHuMax-CD4 in plasma were determined.

In FIG. 28 the plasma levels of the animals are given. It is concludedthat HuMax-CD4 injection leads to high HuMax-CD4 plasma concentrationsthat were still above 100 μg/ml at day 15. The non treated mice gave nomeasurable values above background.

In FIG. 26 the cell numbers harvested from the mice at the end of theexperiment are given. The data indicate that HIV-1 infection led to anextensive decrease in CD4 positive T cells as indicated by the drop inCD4/CD8 ratio. This shows that CD4 positive T cells are rapidly depletedfrom the blood by HIV-1 in contrast to the constant levels innon-infected mice. The mice treated ip with HuMax-CD4 had a much smallerdecline in CD4/CD8 ratio, which shows that HuMax-CD4 provides protectionof against depletion of CD4 positive cells by HIV-1. In FIG. 29 theHIV-1 RNA copies per ml blood are given in time, and these data indicatethat the HuMax-CD4 treatment led to a decrease in the amount of HIV-1RNA copies in the blood in time, whereas the isotype control antibodydid not lead to a decrease.

Our experiment provides proof of principle for the protection againstCD4 cell depletion in HIV-1 infection in vivo. The protection againstdepletion is observed even though the whole anti-CD4 antibody has CD4depleting properties it self. This indicates that stronger protectionagainst HIV-1-induced T cell depletion can be obtained by treatment witha monovalent non-depleting anti-CD4 antibody such as an anti-CD4 HGantibody. Proof of principle for HIV-1 neutralization by anti-CD4 HG andprotection against CD4 depletion can be obtained in a similarexperimental set-up. This provides evidence that HuMax-CD4 HG showing along in vivo half life, could inhibit HIV-1 infection and HIV-1 viralload and protect from depletion of CD4 positive cells.

Summary of the Results

The data presented in the examples shows that expression of a hingelessIgG4 antibody by destroying the splice donor site of the hinge exonresults in hingeless IgG4 half-molecules (one heavy and one light chaincombined). The presence of IgG4 hingeless half-molecules is confirmed bySDS-PAGE under non-reducingconditions, mass spectrometry, size exclusionchromatography and radio immuno assay the absence of cross-linkingabilities. The hingeless antibodies retain the same antigen bindingspecificity as natural format IgG1 and IgG4 antibody molecules. This isshown for two hingeless antibodies with different specificity, 7D8-HG(specific for the B-cell antigen CD20) and Betv1-HG (specific for theBirch pollen antigen Bet v 1). C1q binding of 7D8-HG is absent and onlyminor complement-dependent cellular toxicity (ADCC) is observed(comparable to the natural format 7D8-IgG4 antibody). Monovalency of thehingeless half-molecule is shown in the crosslinking experiment usingBetv1-HG. Whereas both IgG1 and IgG₄ show crosslinking of Sepharosebound Bet v 1 to radiolabelled Bet v 1, the hingeless molecule Betv1-HGis unable to crosslink.

Half-life of 7D8-HG is evaluated in vivo in a mouse pharmacokinetic (PK)experiment and compared with 7D8-IgG4. Although 7D8-HG has a 2 to 3times faster clearance than normal IgG4 in this model, the 6 dayhalf-life is counted favorable to the half-life of less than one dayreported for IgG F(ab′)2 fragments. We conclude that the favorablePK-profile will make IgG4-hingeless antibodies valuable for therapeuticapplications when a non-crosslinking, monovalent andnon-complement-activating antibody is needed.

1-228. (canceled)
 229. A method for producing a monovalent antibody,said method comprising a) providing a nucleic acid construct encodingthe light chain of said monovalent antibody, said construct comprising anucleotide sequence encoding the V_(L) region of a selected antigenspecific antibody and a nucleotide sequence encoding the constant C_(L)region of an Ig, wherein said nucleotide sequence encoding the V_(L)region of a selected antigen specific antibody and said nucleotidesequence encoding the C_(L) region of an Ig are operably linkedtogether, and wherein, in case of an IgG1 subtype, the nucleotidesequence encoding the C_(L) region has been modified such that the C_(L)region does not contain any amino acids capable of forming disulfidebonds or covalent bonds with other peptides comprising an identicalamino acid sequence of the C_(L) region in the presence of polyclonalhuman IgG or when administered to a human being; b) providing a nucleicacid construct encoding the heavy chain of said monovalent antibody,said construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the V_(H)region of a selected antigen specific antibody and a nucleotide sequenceencoding a constant C_(H) region of a human Ig, wherein the nucleotidesequence encoding the C_(H) region has been modified such that theregion corresponding to the hinge region and, as required by the Igsubtype, other regions of the C_(H) region, such as the C_(H)3 region,does not comprise any amino acid residues which participate in theformation of disulphide bonds or covalent or stable non-covalentinter-heavy chain bonds with other peptides comprising an identicalamino acid sequence of the C_(H) region of the human Ig in the presenceof polyclonal human IgG or when administered to a human being, whereinsaid nucleotide sequence encoding the V_(H) region of a selected antigenspecific antibody and said nucleotide sequence encoding the C_(H) regionof said Ig are operably linked together; c) providing a cell expressionsystem for producing said monovalent antibody; and d) producing saidmonovalent antibody by co-expressing the nucleic acid constructs of (i)and (ii) in cells of the cell expression system of (iii).
 230. A nucleicacid construct for expression of a monovalent antibody forpharmaceutical use, comprising i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding theC_(H) region of an IgG4, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding theC_(H) region has been modified such that the region corresponding to thehinge region in said C_(H) region does not comprise any amino acidresidues capable of participating in the formation of stable disulphidebonds with peptides comprising an amino acid sequence identical to theamino acid sequence of said C_(H) region in the presence of polyclonalhuman IgG or when administered to a human being or (ii) a nucleotidesequence encoding a constant C_(H) region of a human Ig, wherein thenucleotide sequence encoding the C_(H) region has been modified suchthat the region corresponding to the hinge region and, as required bythe Ig subtype, other regions of the C_(H) region, such as the C_(H)3region, does not comprise any amino acid residues which participate inthe formation of disulphide bonds or covalent or stable non-covalentinter-heavy chain bonds with other peptides comprising an identicalamino acid sequence of the C_(H) region of the human Ig in the presenceof polyclonal human IgG or when administered to a human being or (iii) asequence complementary thereto.
 231. A nucleic acid construct accordingto claim 230, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the C_(H)region has been modified such that the region corresponding to the hingeregion does not comprise any cysteine residues.
 232. A nucleic acidconstruct according to claim 230, wherein said construct comprises anucleic acid sequence encoding the V_(H) region of an antigen specificantibody, or a sequence complementary thereto, wherein the nucleic acidsequence encoding the V_(H) region is operably linked to the nucleicacid sequence encoding the C_(H) region, or a sequence complementarythereto.
 233. A host cell comprising a nucleic acid construct accordingto claim
 230. 234. A method of treating a disease or disorder, whereinsaid method comprises administering to a subject in need of treatment atherapeutically effective amount of a monovalent antibody comprising alight chain and a heavy chain, wherein a) said light chain comprises theamino acid sequence of the variable (V_(L)) region of a selected antigenspecific antibody and the amino acid sequence of the constant (C_(L))region of an Ig, and wherein, in case of an IgG1 subtype, the aminosequence of the constant (C_(L)) region has been modified so that itdoes not contain any amino acids capable of participating in theformation of disulfide bonds or covalent bonds with other peptidescomprising an identical amino acid sequence of the constant (C_(L))region of the Ig in the presence of polyclonal human IgG or whenadministered to a human being, and b) said heavy chain comprises theamino acid sequence of the variable (V_(H)) region of said selectedantigen specific antibody and the amino acid sequence of the constant(C_(H)) region of human Ig, wherein the amino acid sequence of theconstant (C_(H)) region has been modified so that the hinge region and,as required by the Ig subtype, other regions of the C_(H) region, suchas the C_(H)3 region, does not contain any amino acid residues whichparticipate in the formation of disulphide bonds or covalent or stablenon-covalent inter-heavy chain bonds with other peptides comprising anidentical amino acid sequence of the constant (C_(H)) region of thehuman Ig in the presence of polyclonal human IgG or when administered toa human being, a pharmaceutical composition comprising said antibody, animmunoconjugate comprising said antibody, or a nucleic acid constructaccording to claim
 231. 235. The method of claim 234, wherein theantibody comprises a human IgG4 C_(H) region.
 236. The method of claim234, wherein the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of theheavy chain variable (VH) region of said selected antigen specificantibody and the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 16. 237. The methodof claim 236, wherein the CL region is the constant region of the kappalight chain of a human IgG.
 238. The method of claim 232, wherein the CLregion comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 239. Themethod of claim 236, wherein the CL region is the constant region of thelambda light chain of a human IgG.
 240. The method of claim 239, whereinthe CL region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 4. 241.The method of claim 236, wherein the light chain and the heavy chain areconnected to each other via one or more disulphide bonds or via an amidebond.
 242. The method of claim 234, wherein the heavy chain comprisesthe amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable (VH) region of theselected antigen specific antibody and the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:
 22. 243. The method of claim 234, wherein the heavy chain comprisesthe amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable (VH) region of saidselected antigen specific antibody and the amino acid sequence of theheavy chain constant (CH) region of human IgG1, wherein the CH regioncomprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, whereinLys (K) in position 292 of SEQ ID NO: 19 has been replaced by Arg (R);and wherein the hinge region of the heavy chain lacks cysteine residues.244. The method of claim 243, wherein the CL region is a kappa lightchain CL region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ IDNO: 18, wherein the terminal cysteine residue in position 106 of SEQ IDNO: 18 has been replaced with a different amino acid residue or has beendeleted.
 245. The method of claim 243, wherein the CL region is a lambdalight chain CL region having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ IDNO: 17, wherein the cysteine residue in position 104 of SEQ ID NO: 17has been replaced with a different amino acid residue or has beendeleted.
 246. The method of claim 234, wherein the heavy chain comprisesthe amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable (VH) region of saidselected antigen specific antibody and the amino acid sequence of theheavy chain constant (CH) region of human IgG1, wherein the CH regioncomprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, whereinLys (K) in position 292 of SEQ ID NO: 19 has been replaced by Arg (R),and Ser (S) in position 14 of SEQ ID NO: 19 has been replaced by Cys(C); and wherein the hinge region of the heavy chain lacks cysteineresidues.
 247. The method of claim 234, wherein the heavy chaincomprises the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable (VH)region of said selected antigen specific antibody and the amino acidsequence of the heavy chain constant (CH) region of IgG2, wherein the CHregion comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 20,wherein the following amino acid substitutions have been made: Arg (R)in position 234 of SEQ ID NO: 20 has been replaced by Gln (Q), Met (M)in position 276 of SEQ ID NO: 20 has been replaced by Val (V), Lys (K)in position 288 of SEQ ID NO: 20 has been replaced by Arg (R), Gln (Q)in position 298 of SEQ ID NO: 20 has been replaced by Glu (E), and Pro(P) in position 324 of SEQ ID NO: 20 has been replaced by Leu (L); andwherein the hinge region lacks cysteine residues.
 248. The method ofclaim 234, wherein the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence ofthe heavy chain variable (VH) region of said selected antigen specificantibody and the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain constant (CH)region of IgG3, wherein the CH region comprises the amino acid sequenceset forth in SEQ ID NO: 21, wherein one or more of the following aminoacid substitutions have been made: Arg (R) in position 285 of SEQ ID NO:21 has been replaced by Gln (Q), Ser (S) in position 314 of SEQ ID NO:21 has been replaced by Asn (N), Asn (N) in position 322 of SEQ ID NO:21 has been replaced by Lys (K), Met (M) in position 327 of SEQ ID NO:21 has been replaced by Val (V), Lys (K) in position 339 of SEQ ID NO:21 has been replaced by Arg (R), Gln (Q) in position 349 of SEQ ID NO:21 has been replaced by Glu (E), Be (I) in position 352 of SEQ ID NO: 21has been replaced by Val (V), Arg (R) in position 365 of SEQ ID NO: 21has been replaced by His (H), Phe (F) in position 366 of SEQ ID NO: 21has been replaced by Tyr (Y), and Pro (P) in position 375 of SEQ ID NO:21 has been replaced by Leu (L); and wherein the hinge region of theheavy chain lacks cysteine residues.